《THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TURKEY》

Introduction: Globalisation, capitalist crises and Turkey1

Interpretations of globalisation2

Globalisatlon, homogenisation and global inequalities4

Periodic crises and capitalism5

Globalisatton and TNCs8

Globalisation, internationallsation of capital and the nation state9

The 1980s and debt peonage11

Speculative capital movements13

Flow of equity investment to emerging markets15

The US's role in the current financial crises17

Globalisation again21

1 The state25

Introduction25

State intervention in Turkey36

Economic policies in the 1950s31

The planned period 1960--8034

Development since 198043

How successful were the SAPs in the 1980s?48

Liberalisation of foreign trade51

Repressive anti-trade union policies52

2 Democracy, development and good governance57

Good governance, democracy and development58

Democracy and development66

The predominance of the state78

The Turkish State83

Democracy in Turkey96

Liberalisation and democratisation since 1980100

3 Cyclical crises since 1980105

Rapid loss of economic autonomy110

Financial liberaltsation and the 1994 crisis114

Disinflation programmes and the 200(0-01 crisis119

Repercussions of the 2001 crisis123

The transition to a stronger Turkish economy programme of 2001125

Conclusion134

4 Agrarian crisis138

Internationalisation of Third World agriculture140

The end of developmentalism142

General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO)147

The promotion of small-scale household production and the modernisation of Turkish agriculture153

Economic hardships and neo-liberalism155

Standby agreements since 1999 and Turkish agriculture159

The sagas of sugar and tobacco165

Sugar165

Tobacco166

Direct income support168

Liberalisation and food security171

History repeats itself: Mexico and Turkey174

5Political Islam in Turkey179

Political Islam as a reaction to modemIsation180

Kemalism, Islam and identity politics183

Turkish identity and Islam184

The moderation of political Islam196

Political Islam, class politics and business interests198

The National Outlook Movement (NOM)200

The rise and fall of the Welfare Party202

Globalisation and the rise of political Islam in Turkey208

Conclusion217

6 The Kurdtsh question222

Ethnicity and identity227

The emergence of conflicting Turkish and Kurdish ethnies230

Treaties of Sevres and Lausanne234

The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey234

Kurdish Nationalist discourse in Turkey239

Uncompromising Nationalism241

Conclusion: The European Union and the Kurdish Question243

Conclusion245

Notes261

Bibliography266

Index287