《WORK ALIENATION AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH》

1. INTRODUCTION1

On the Importance of Studying Alienation1

General Plan of the Book5

2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE7

Linguistic Origin of the Term Alienation9

Theological Usage of the Term Alienation9

Usage of the Term Alienation in Political Theory10

Hegel's Use of the Term Alienation11

Marx's Use of the Term Alienation12

Summary17

3. THE SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH18

Weber's Treatment of Alienation19

Durkheim's Concepts of Anomie and Alienation20

Contemporary Sociological Treatment of Alienation21

Causes and Correlates of Alienation22

Variants of Alienation24

Characteristics of the Sociological Approach28

4. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH31

Job Involvement33

Causes of Job Involvement36

Correlates of Job Involvement41

Personal Variables44

Situation Variables49

Effects of Job Involvement53

Satisfaction with Job Characteristics or Outcomes53

Effort Expenditure on the Job54

Performance55

Turnover Potential56

Absenteeism57

5. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS59

Sources of Confusion60

Equivocal Usage of the Concepts60

Measurement of the Concepts61

Failure to Distinguish the Phenomenon from Its Causes and Effects62

Nature of the Psychological State of Work Alienation64

Nature of Causation64

Distinguishing Work Alienation and Involvement from Intrinsic Motivation65

Distinguishing Different Aspects of Work Involvement and Alienation66

Lack of an Integrative Approach67

Problems with Measurement of Job Involvement68

The Problem of Construct Validity69

Problems of Interpretation of Empirical Data71

6. A REFORMULATION: THE MOTIVATIONAL APPROACH74

Introduction74

The Motivational Approach75

Definitions of the Concepts79

Conditions of Job Involvement82

Conditions of Work Involvement85

Integration of the Sociological Approach87

Some Major Differences between the Present and Earlier Approaches90

7. MEASUREMENT OF ALIENATION94

Introduction94

Method97

Item Construction for Involvement Scales97

Design of the Questionnaire100

Sample and Procedure101

Results102

Demographic Data102

Empirical Properties of the Involvement Scales104

Summary and Conclusion116

8. MOTIVATION AND ALIENATION: SOME TESTS OF THE MOTIVATIONAL APPROACH118

Introduction118

Study I120

Method120

Results124

Conclusion130

Study II132

Hypotheses133

Results134

Conclusion141

Study III141

The Concept of Mental Health142

Mental Health and Intrinsic-Extrinsic Orientation143

Mental Health and Job Involvement144

Method145

Results146

Conclusion151

Summary152

9. DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS153

Appendix A. OLD MEASURES161

Appendix B. NEW MEASURES165

REFERENCES177

INDEX197

ABOUT THE AUTHOR201