《DESIGN OF STRUCTURES TO RESIST NUCLEAR WEAPONS EFFECTS》

Ⅰ．INTRODUCTION1

1-1．Purpose and Scope1

1-2．Background Information1

1-3．Philosophy of Protection Against Nuclear Weapons2

1-4．General Considerations in Design2

1-5．Method of Using Manual3

Ⅱ．EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WEAPON DETONATION5

2-1．Height of Burst5

2-2．Air Blast5

2-3．Earth Shock9

2-4．Cratertng11

2-5．Thermal Radiation11

2-6．Initial Nuclear Radiation11

2-7．Residual Radiation-Fallout14

2-8．Fires and Fire Storms15

Ⅲ．SHELTER REQUIREMENTS17

3-1．Blast Resistance Requirements17

3-2．Radiation Resistance Requirements19

3-3．Operational Requirements21

3-4．Structural Requirements26

Ⅳ．NUCLEAR RADIATION SHIELDING31

4-1．General Principles31

4-2．Shielding Values of Various Materials Versus Types of Radiation32

4-3．Shielding Thickness33

4-3．1General35

4-3．2 Abovnground Structures35

4-3．3 Underground Structures37

4-4．Entranceways,Doors,Vents and Other Openings42

4-5．Conclusion43

Ⅴ．CONVENTIONALIZED BLAST AND SHOCK LOADINGS ON STRUCTURES45

5-1．General45

5-2．Aboveground Closed Rectangular Structures45

5-3．Aboveground Closed Arches and Domes46

5-4．Aboveground Open Structures50

5-5．Underground Structures52

5-5．1Rectangular Structures53

5-5．2 Arch and Dome Structures54

5-5．3 Underground Structures-General54

5-6．Semi-Buried Structures55

5-7．Entranceways,Doors,Vents,and other Openings56

Ⅵ．CHOICE OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND DETAILS59

6-1．Closed Versus Frangible Siding Structures59

6-2．Frame,Shear Wall,Arch and Dome Structures59

6-3．Long Versus Short Span Considerations60

6-4．Aboveground,Underground and Semi-Buried Structures60

6-5．Choice of Materials60

6-6．Structural Details61

Ⅶ．DYNAMIC STRENGTH OF MATERIALS63

7-1．General63

7-2．Steel63

7-3．Reinforced and Plain Concrete64

7-4．Foundation Materials64

7-5．Other Materials64

Ⅷ．ELASTO-PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS65

8-1．Flexure of Steel Members65

8-2．Shear and Local Buckling of Steel Sections68

8-3．Flexure of Reinforced Concrete Sections70

8-4．Shear Walls73

8-5．Load-Deflection Relations75

8-6．Limit Loads-Beam And Frames78

8-7．Limit Loads-Slabs and Plates83

8-8．Limiting Deflections86

8-9．Design Versus Analysts89

8-10．Appendix89

8-10．1Steel Beams89

8-10．2 Steel Columns92

8-10．3 Reinforced Concrete Beams and One-Way Slabs92

8-10．4 Two-Way Slabs96

8-10．5 Flat Slabs97

8-10．6 Deep Reinforced Concrete Beams(d/L>0．4)96

8-10．7 Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls99

8-10．8 Reinforced Concrete Columns100

8-10．9 Building Frames(One-Story Steel or Reinforced Concrete)101

8-10．10 Two-Hinged Reinforced Concrete Arches101

8-10．11 Two-Hinged Steel Arches102

8-10．12 Reinforced Concrete Domes103

8-10．13 Composite Beams104

8-10．14 Column Footings(Square)104

8-10．15 Wall Footings105

Ⅸ．DYNAMIC ANALYSIS107

9-1．Dynamic Behavior of Simple Systems109

9-2．Simplified Dynamic Analysts of Complex Systems115

9-3．General Methods of Dynamic Analysis118

Ⅹ．DESIGN PROCEDURES121

10-1．General121

10-2．Preliminary Design123

10-3．Design Parameters for Structural Elements123

10-4．Design Parameters for Structural Frames-Single and Multi-Story125

10-5．Design Parameters for Arches and Domes125

10-5．1Component Design Loadings126

10-5．2 Stress Calculations128

10-5．3 Buckling129

10-6．Design Parameters for Shear Walls130

10-7．Procedure for Redesign131

10-8．Foundations131

10-9．Entranceways,Doors,Vents,and Other Openings,Including Closure Devices132

10-9．1Important Door Characteristics133

10-9．2 Door Design Details135

Ⅺ．SHOCK AND SHOCK MOUNTING SUPPLEMENT137

11-1．Earth Shock137

11-1．1General Comments137

11-1．2 Notation137

11-1．3 Free-Field Earth Motions at Surface139

11-1．4 Free-Field Earth Motions at Depth y140

11-2．Shock Response Spectra142

11-3．Shock Mounting144

11-3．1Provision for Relative Distortion of Equipment and Structure146

11-3．2 Nature of Elastic Systems Comprised of Mounted Equipment146

11-3．3 Design of Mounted Equipment to Resist Shock148

11-3．4 Design Stresses in Shock Mountings149

11-3．5 Outline of General Theoretical Approach for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Linear Systems150