《PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF HIGH POLYMERIC SYSTEMS SECOND EDITION》求取 ⇩

Ⅰ．Geometry of Molecules as Revealed by Diffraction Methods1

A．Introduction1

B．Von Laue Method3

C．Method of W．H．and W．L．Bragg5

D．Method of Debye-Scherrer and Hull6

E．Rotating Crystal Method of Polanyi,Schiebold,and Weissenberg8

F．χ-Ray Goniometers of Boehm,Buerger,Dawson,Sauter,Schiebold,and Weissenberg9

G．Evaluation of Diffraction Diagrams10

H．Diffraction Studies with Molecules in the Gaseous State11

I．Scattering of Neutrons13

J．Presentation and Discussion of the Principal Results14

K．A Few Organic Molecules of Special Interest22

L．Some Special Results in the Field of High Polymers27

Polyhydrocarbons27

Polyvinyl Derivatives31

Polycondensation Products32

Proteins33

Cellulose and Derivatives37

Ⅱ．Behavior of Molecules in Electric and Magnetic Fields39

A．Introduction39

B．Polarizability40

C．Applications of Polarization Measurements42

D．Dipole Moment45

E．Application of Dipole Measurements in Determining Molecular Struc-ture46

F．Scattering of Light by Molecules54

The Intensity of Light Scattered by Molecules54

The Kerr Effect58

Degree of Depolarization of the Scattered Light60

Ⅲ．Molecular Spectra63

A．Oscillations and Rotations in Molecules63

B．Moments of Inertia,Nuclear Distances,and Dissociation Energies67

C．Nuclear Vibrations and Group Frequencies69

D．Application of Molecular Spectroscopy to Macromolecules79

Polyhydroearbons79

Polyvinyl and Polyacrylic Derivatives81

Polyesters and Polyamides82

Various Other Polymers83

E．Internal Molecular Potential Energy and Free Rotation83

F．The Double Bond and cis-trans Isomerism95

G．Internal Molecular Dynamics and Statistics97

Ⅳ．Primary and Secondary Valences109

A．Primary Valences110

Heteropolar Bond between Oppositely Charged Ions110

Homopolar Bond between Neutral Atoms114

Metallic Linkage118

B．Secondary Valences120

Orientation Effect of Rigid Dipoles120

Induction Effect121

Quantum Mechanical Interaction of Virtual Dipoles(Dispersion Effect)122

Superposition of the Three Types of Intermolecular Attraction123

C．General Remarks on the Formation of Molecular Aggregates127

Aggregate Formation by Dipole Forces128

Aggregate Formation by Dispersion Forces134

D．Intermolecular Forces and Intermolecular Compounds136

Molecular Associations Involving Conjugated and Aromatic Sys-tems137

Molecular Associations between Carboxylic Acids141

Calculation of the Molecular Cohesion143

E．Intermolecular Forces,Polymer Texture,and Polymer Properties146

Ⅴ．Crystal Structure and Crystal Forces153

A．Classification of Crystals from the Aspect of Forces153

Ionic Lattices155

Atomic Lattices162

Metallic Lattices162

Secondary Valence Lattices164

B．Lattices with Different Forces in Different Directions183

Lattices with Atomic and Ionic Linkages184

Lattices with Atomic and Metallic Linkages185

Lattices with Atomic and van der Waals＇Bonds185

Ⅵ．Crystal Structure and Crystal Symmetry187

A．General Remarks on Symmetry of Crystal Lattices187

B．Primary Valence Lattices194

C．Primary Valence Sheets195

D．Primary Valence Chains198

E．Structure of Silicates203

F．Shape and Internal Mobility of Molecules in Relation to Lattice Struc-ture206

Ⅶ． Liquids,Mesophases and the Amorphous-Crystalline Character of Poly-mers213

A．General Remarks on the Arrangement of Molecules in Liquids213

B．Scattering of χ-Rays and Electrons in Liquids215

Scattering of χ-Rays by Monatomic Liquids218

Molecular Structure of Water224

Structure of Liquids with Chainlike Molecules227

C．Determination of Size and Shape of Small Crystals by χ-Ray Dif-fraction230

D．Observations on Mesophases and Liquid Crystals235

Experimental Results in the Investigation of Mesophases235

Molecular Arrangement in the Mesophases237

E．Crystalline-Amorphous Character of Polymeric Materials242

Ⅷ．Thermodynamics of Solutions247

A．Colligative Properties of Solutions248

B．Entropy of Dilution250

Ideal Solutions250

Nonideal Solutions251

Free Volume Theory of Entropy of Dilution254

Lattice Model for Entropy of Dilution of Flexible Linear Macro-molecules256

C．Heat of Dilution260

D．Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Free Energies of Dilu-tion263

E．Solubility of Macromolecules267

F．Fractionation of Polymer Solutions270

G．Molecular Weight Averages274

H．Swelling of Polymers275

Ⅸ．Kinematics of Liquids and Solutions:Viscosity,Diffusion,and Ultra-centrifugation279

A．Viscosity of Simple Liquids and Solutions279

B．Einstein＇s Law for Viscosity of Colloidal Suspensions283

C．Staudinger＇s Law for Viscosity of Macromolecular Solutions288

D．Theory of Viscosity for the Free-Draining Linear Molecule291

E．Intrinsic Viscosities of Chain Molecules Accounting for Hampered Flow of Solvent through the Molecule295

F．Effect of Concentration on Viscosity of Macromolecular Solutions300

G．Viscosity of Polyelectrolyte Solutions302

H．Anomalous Flow of Liquids304

I．Free Diffusion of Dissolved Particles306

J．Application of High Centrifugal Fields312

Sedimentation Equilibrium313

Sedimentation Velocity Methods314

Some Results Obtained by the Ultracentrifuge316

K．Flow Birefringence of Liquids and Solutions318

Ⅹ．Mechanical Behavior of High Polymers321

A．Concepts of Stress and Strain321

B．Statistical Thermodynamic Treatmeut of Elastic Behavior324

C．Kinetic Theory of Elasticity328

D．Classical Theory of Viscoelastic Behavior331

E．Linear Amorphous Polymers339

F．Chemorheology348

G．Crystallinity357

Ⅺ．Step Reaction Polymerization365

A．Step Reaction Polymerizations and Functionality368

B．Statistics of Bifunetional Condensations369

C．Ring versus Chain Formation371

D．Kinetics of Polycondensations376

E．Detailed Kinetics of Step Reactions:Type Ⅰ378

F．Detailed Kinetics of Step Reactions:Type Ⅱ379

G．Interchange Reactions in Condensation Polymers383

H．Statistics of Polyfunctional Condensations and Constitution of Three-Dimensional Condensation Polymers384

I．Polymerization of Nylon389

J．Synthetic Polypeptides391

Ⅻ．Chain Reaction Polymerization395

A．Nature of the Carbon-Carbon Double Bond395

B．Radical Chain Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers401

C．Effect of Chain Transfer on Degree of Polymerization410

D．Inhibitors and Retarders416

E．Absolute Velocity Constants for Vinyl Polymerization419

F．Copolymerization424

G．Initiation by Redox Systems436

H．Diene Polymerization439

I．Vulcanization444

J．Effect of Oxygen on Polymerization447

K．Emulsion Polymerization450

L．Cationic,Anionic,and Sodium polymerization454

ⅩⅢ．Degradation of High Polymers459

A．Statistics of Random Degradation of High Polymers459

B．Kinetics of Random Degradation462

C．Degradation of Cellulose465

D．Ozonolysis of Butyl Polymer470

E．Chain Reaction Depolymerizations473

F．Oxidation of Polymers:Formation and Breakdown of Hydroper-oxides477

G．Kinetics of Oxygen Absorption481

H．Scission and Cross-Linking485

I．Splitting Off of Hydrogen Chloride,Hydrogen Cyanide,etc．,during Degradation486

Author Index489

Subject Index499