《CHEMISTRY OF WOOD》

CHAPTER Ⅰ．THE WOOD TISSUE1

Ⅰ．The General Structure of Wood1

Ⅱ．The Morphologicai Elements of Wood4

Ⅲ．The Arrangement and Volume of the Wood Elements7

Ⅳ．The Growth of Wood11

Ⅴ．The Physiological Functions of the Wood Cells17

Ⅵ．The Morphology of the Fibers20

Ⅶ．Compression and Tension Wood24

REFERENCES27

CHAPTER Ⅱ．THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD28

Ⅰ．The Specific Gravity28

Ⅱ．The Water Content31

A．Water Content of the Wood of Living Trees31

B．Water Content of Air-Dried Wood32

Ⅲ．The Relation between Specific Gravity and Water Content34

REFERENCES36

CHAPTER Ⅲ．THE WOOD COMPONENTS AND THEIR CHEMICAL PPOPERTIES37

Ⅰ．The Components of the Woody Substance37

A．History37

Ⅱ．Cellulose41

A．The Structure of Cellulose41

B．Changes Occurring in Cellulose by Swelling,Chemical and Enzymatic Attack,Heat,and Mechanical Treatment77

1．Hydrate Cellulose77

2．Hydrocellulose78

3．Oxycellulose81

4．Degradation of Cellulose by Mineral Acids86

5．Cellulose and Alkalies102

6．The Degradation of Cellulose by Heating in the Presence of Water103

7．The Degradation of Cellulose by Dry Distillation106

8．The Enzymatic Degradation of Cellulose109

9．The Strength of Fibers;Degradation by Mechanical Means116

C．Cotton Cellulose and Wood Cellulose118

D．The Determination of Cellulose in Wood124

Ⅲ．Wood Polyoses and Polyuronic Acids134

A．Nomenclature134

B．The Individual Wood Polyoses,Their Properties and Their Occurrence in Different Woods137

1．Pentosan137

2．Araban142

3．Mannan144

4．Glucan148

5．Galactan151

6．Fructan153

7．Pectin153

8．The Occurrence of Polyoses in Different Woods,their Dissolution and Determination156

REFERENCES TO SECTIONS Ⅰ,Ⅱ,AND Ⅲ(pp．37-161)162

Ⅳ．Lignin181

A．Introduction．Color Reactions of Wood181

B．Properties of Native Lignin193

1．Lignin,Extractable with Organic Solvents193

2．Firmly-Bound Native Lignin196

3．Reactions of Native Lignin with Sulfite196

4．Reactions of Native Lignin with Hydrogen Sulfide and with Alkali Sulfides212

5．Reactions of Native Lignin with Alcohols,Mercaptans,and Phenols213

6．Reactions of Native Lignin with Halogens214

7．Reactions of Native Lignin with Hydrogen Halides214

8．Oxidation of Native Lignin214

C．Lignin Preparations215

1．Lignosulfonic Acid215

a．Dissolution of Lignosulfonic Acid215

b．The Properties of Dissolved Lignosulfonic Acid218

2．Lignin Preparations Obtained by the Action of Alcohols,Phenols,and Various Organic Acids,Amines,and Hydrazine on Wood or Isolated Lignin237

a．Alcoholysis of Wood．Alcohol Lignins237

b．Phenol Lignins246

c．Acetic Acid and Formic Acid Lignins247

d．Thioglycolic Acid Lignin252

e．Amines and Hydrazine254

3．Alkali Lignin255

4．Lignins Prepared by Extraction of Wood with Hydrotropic Solutions261

5．Hydrol Lignin262

6．Lignins Obtained by the Action of Mineral Acids263

a．Sulfuric Acid263

b．Hydrochloric Acid264

7．Cuproxam Lignin276

8．Periodate Lignin278

D．The Degradation of Lignin279

1．By Alkali279

2．By Oxidation280

3．By Hydrogenation281

4．By Destructive Distillation282

E．Summary of the Chemical Properties of Lignin282

1．Elementary Composition and Functional Groups282

2．Formation of Formaldehyde-The Absence of Methylenedioxy Groups290

F．Physical Properties292

1．Light Absorption292

2．Index of Refraction294

3．Molecular Weight295

G．Occurrence and Distribution of Lignin in Wood297

H．The Constitution of Lignin,Biosynthesis of Lignin,Lignification306

I．The Determination of Lignin324

1．Isolation with Strong Acids324

a．Sulfuric Acid324

b．Hydrochloric Acid327

c．Hydrogen Fluoride328

d．Mixtures of Strong Acids328

e．Hot,Dilute Mineral Acids329

2．Indirect Methods for Determining Lignin329

Ⅴ．Minor Components of Wood332

A．Resin,Terpenes,and Fat332

B．Phenols,Tannins,Coloring Matter and Nitrogen-Containing Substances343

C．Inorganic Components347

D．Other Wood Components349

Ⅵ．Analyses of Wood350

Ⅶ．Physical Structure and Chemical Composition of the Fiber Wall358

REFERENCES TO SECTIONS Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅵ,AND Ⅶ(pp．181-366)367

CHAPTER Ⅳ．THE DECOMPOSITION OF WOOD BY ACIDS．WOOD SACCHARIFICATION390

Ⅰ．Introduction390

Ⅱ．Saccharification with Hot Dilute Acids391

Ⅲ．Saccharification with Concentrated Mineral Acids400

A．Sulfuric Acid400

B．Hydrochloric Acid402

C．Other Procedures with Concentrated Acids410

REFERENCES411

CHAPTER Ⅴ．THE PULPING OF WOOD WITH SOLUTIONS OF SULFUROUS ACID AND SULFITES414

Ⅰ．History of the Sulfite Process414

Ⅱ．The Theory of the Sulfite Pulping Process and its Practical Consequences415

A．The Chemistry of Sulfite Pulping415

1．Sulfonation and Delignlfication415

2．Stability of Cooking Acid424

3．Sulfate Formation426

4．Loosely Bound Sulfur Dioxide429

5．Formation and Destruction of Sugar During the Sulfite Cook430

6．Available Sulfite and Color Change in Cooking Liquor434

B．Sulfite Pulping with Other Agents than Calcium Bisulfite436

1．Pulping with Sulfur Dioxide436

2．Magnesium,Sodium and Ammonium Salts437

C．Behavior of Different Woods438

1．Wood Character and Pulping438

2．Sulfite Pulping of Pine and Other Woods443

3．Sulfite Pulping of Hardwoods448

D．Properties of Sulfite Pulp449

1．Pulping Conditions and Pulp Properties449

2．Reddening of Pulp454

3．Fluorescence of Pulp455

Ⅲ．By-Products of Sulfite Pulp Manufacture456

A．Volatile By-Products456

B．Utilization of Waste Liquor458

REFERENCES467

CHAPTER Ⅵ．THE PULPING OF WOOD BY AQUEOUS ALKALIES474

Ⅰ．History of the Alkaline Pulping Process474

Ⅱ．The Chemistry of the Alkaline Pulping Processes475

A．Main Components of the Black Liquor475

B．Alkali Consumption and Reaction Velocity in Cooks with Caustic Soda476

C．The Effect of the Sulfidity in Sulfate Cooks477

1．Rate of Delignification and Pulp Strength477

2．Formation of Thiolignin482

D．Demethylation of Lignin and Formation of Low-Molecular Fission Prod-ucts487

E．Alkali Cooks with Addition of Other Sulfur Containing Reagents than Sodium Hydrosulfide488

F．Effect of Prehydrolysis of Wood in Alkaline Pulping489

G．Sulfate Cooks of Hardwoods490

Ⅲ．The By-Products of the Alkaline Pulping Processes490

REFERENCES494

CHAPTER Ⅶ．OTHER METHODS OF PULPING498

Ⅰ．Semichemical Pulping498

Ⅱ．Pulping with Chlorine and Alkali502

Ⅲ．Pulping with Nitric Acid503

REFERENCES504

CHAPTER Ⅷ．DELIGNIFICATION WITH BLEACHING AGENTS506

Ⅰ．Chlorination508

Ⅱ．Alkali Washing516

Ⅲ．Hypochlorite Bleaching518

Ⅳ．Bleaching with Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorites521

Ⅴ．Bleaching and Pulp Characteristics524

REFERENCES528

CHAPTER Ⅸ．THE CHEMICAL PROCESS IN THE CARBONIZATION OF WOOD531

REFERENCES539

CHAPTER Ⅹ．UTILIZATION OF WOOD BY CAUSTIC FUSION,PRESSURE HEATING WITH ALKALI AND DIGESTION WITH TARS OR PHENOLS540

Ⅰ．Caustic Fusion540

Ⅱ．Alkaline Pressure Heating543

Ⅲ．Digestion with Tars and Phenols546

REFERENCES547

CHAPTER Ⅺ．THE BEHAVIOR OF WOOD DURING STORAGE548

REFERENCES552

CHAPTER Ⅻ．THE NATURAL DECOMPOSITION OF WOOD553

REFERENCES562

AUTHOR INDEX565

SUBJECT INDEX616