《THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY Environmental Control and Energy Conservation》

INTRODUCTION1

Industry Overall Structure1

Growth Trends in the Industry4

Some Technology Trends in the Industry6

Solvent Dyeing6

Liquid Ammonia Dyeing9

“Air Lift” Dye System9

Water Jet Weaving10

Transfer Printing10

Trends in Industry Waste Generation10

INDUSTRY COMPONENT CATEGORIZATION21

Spinning23

Texturizing25

Weaving27

Knitting30

Woven Fabric Preparation32

Woven Fabric Dyeing42

Woven Fabric Printing43

Woven Fabric Finishing44

Knit Fabric Finishing45

Yarn Dyeing52

Carpet Yarn Preparation60

Floor Covering Manufacture60

Secondary Processes67

ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS70

Energy Use Patterns in the Overall Textile Industry71

Energy Use Patterns by Industry Component Category75

Spinning75

Texturizing78

Weaving80

Knitting81

Greige Mills—Woven83

Woven Fabric Finishing90

Knit Fabric Finishing94

Yarn Dyeing96

Floor Coverings98

Secondary Processes Component100

Integrated Woven Fabric Mill102

Energy Conservation Achievements to Date104

Conflicts with EPA or OSHA Regulations106

Energy Conservation Possibilities107

Energy Efficient Technologies108

Alternative Operating Procedures110

Technologically Feasible Conservation Combinations140

Spinning140

Texturizing140

Weaving140

Knitting140

Greige Mills141

Woven Fabric Finishing141

Knit Fabric Finishing142

Yarn Dyeing142

Floor Covering143

Secondary Processes143

Overall Industry Composite Results143

Economically Feasible Conservation Combinations145

Spinning and Greige Mills149

Woven and Knit Fabric Finishing149

Yarn Dyeing150

Floor Covering Mills150

Impact of Conversion from Scarce Energy Forms151

Boiler Fuels151

Other Fuel Conversions152

Setting of FEA Conservation Target Goals153

Technologically Feasible Level153

Economically Feasible Level154

Special Circumstances/Characteristics155

Target Calculation156

Sensitivity of Target to Key Variables159

Some Specific Energy Conserving Process Options163

Integrated Knit Fabric Mill163

Integrated Woven Fabric Mill171

Post-1980 Considerations178

Further Research Recommendations179

AIR POLLUTION181

Sources of Emissions181

Control Technology183

Particulate Control183

Solvent Control and Recovery186

Some Proprietary Processes187

WATER POLLUTION191

Water Use by the Textile Industry192

Wastewater Sources193

Bleaching195

Carpet Manufacturing195

Desizing196

Dyeing197

Finishing197

Greige Goods Mills197

Mercerization199

Scouring199

Secondary Processes200

Wool Finishing200

Wastewater Characteristics200

Cotton Mill Wastes204

Wool Processing Wastes207

Synthetic Fiber Mill Wastes208

Regulatory Constraints211

Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available （BPCTCA）213

Best Available Technology Economically Achievable （BATEA）225

New Source Performance Standards228

In-Plant Treatment Technology229

Flow Reduction229

Water Reuse235

Waste Segregation239

Material Substitution239

Process Changes243

Pretreatment Methods244

Wastewater Treatment Technology256

Biological （Secondary） Treatment263

Tertiary Treatment278

Advanced Wastewater Treatment287

Abatement Options by Level and Subcategory291

HAZARDOUS WASTES310

Definition310

Types of Hazardous Wastes311

Heavy Metals311

Dyestuffs313

Treatment of Hazardous Wastes316

SOLID WASTES322

Sources of Hazardous Solid Wastes322

Wool Scouring325

Wool Fabric Dyeing and Finishing326

Greige Goods328

Woven Fabric Dyeing and Finishing328

Knit Fabric Dyeing and Finishing329

Carpet Dyeing and Finishing331

Yarn and Stock Dyeing and Finishing332

Summary333

Nonhazardous Solid Waste Streams339

Disposal Techniques340

NOISE POLLUTION346

Some Proprietary Processes351

GLOSSARY352

BIBLIOGRAPHY383