《BASIC PROCESSES OF GASEOUS ELECTRONICS》

CHAPTER Ⅰ-IONIC MOBILITIES1

PART ONE1

1.Introduction1

2.Nature of the Problem of Mobility Measurement2

3.Summary of the Useful Experimental Methods8

4.The Erikson Air-Blast Method10

5.The Bradbury Modification of the Tyndall-Grindley Method13

6.The Four-Gauze Electrical Shutter Method of Tyndall and Powell16

7.The Bradbury-Nielsen Shutter Method22

8.The Townsend Magnetic-Deflection Method25

9.The Measurement of Mobilities,with Pulse Techniques32

PART TWO39

1.Introduction39

2.The Generic Classical Kinetic Analysis of Mobilities,Assuming Solid Elastic Spherical Molecules and Ions of Equal Mass40

3.Forces between Ions and Molecules,and Cluster Formation45

4.The Action of Forces at a Distance,and the Small-Ion Concept51

5.Comparison of Limiting Theories with Experiment55

6.Complete Ion-Mobility Theories64

7.The Effect of Temperature on Mobilities91

8.The Variation of Mobilities with X/p,and the Mobilities at High X/p95

9.Difference in Mobilities of Positive and Negative Ions,and Aging112

10.Mobilities in Mixtures129

11.Generalized Theory of Motion of Ions through Gases141

12.Summary of Conclusions on the Nature of Gaseous Ions,and Their Behavior162

13.Mobilities of Large Ions171

Bibliography to Chapter Ⅰ180

CHAPTER Ⅱ-THE DIFFUSION OF CARRIERS IN GASES185

1.Introduction185

2.Definition of Diffusion Coefficient and Statement of Basic Relations186

3.The Experimental Determination of D for Gaseous Ions190

4.The Ratio between Diffusion Coefficient and Mobility193

5.The Distribution of Particles in Space and Time under Diffusion;Average Velocities of Diffusion199

6.Ambipolar Diffusion206

Bibliography to Chapter Ⅱ209

CHAPTER Ⅲ-THE VELOCITIES OF ELECTRONS IN GASES211

1.Introduction211

2.The Simple Theory of Electron Velocities and Their Evaluation in Terms of Experiment212

3.The Compton Theory of Electron Mobilities219

4.The Comparison of Theory and Experiment228

5.Later Developments of the Townsend Techniques242

6.Electron-Velocity Measurements at lonizing and Sparking Fields251

Bibliography to Chapter Ⅲ267

CHAPTER Ⅳ-THE DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY OF ELECTRONS IN A FIELD IN A GAS269

PART ONE-THEORY AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS269

1.Introduction269

2.Chronological Summary of the Work on Electron-Energy Distribution270

3.General Approach to the Derivation of the Druyvesteyn Distribution Law284

4.Energy Distributions and Related Quantities Deduced from Holstein’s Theoryby D.Barbiere294

5.Electron Energies from Microwave Analysis300

6.Data Relating X/p,Electron Energies,and Associated Quantities,as Compiled from the Collected Studies by the Townsend and Bailey Methods319

PART TWO-THE THEORY AND USE OF PROBES329

1.Introduction329

2.Idealized General Assumptions,and Review of the Kinetic-Theory Concepts Involved331

3.The Probe Measurement332

4.The Theory of the Probe334

5.The Determination of the Distribution Law by Probe Studies342

6.The Boyd Analysis of Sheath Disturbance and Ion Temperatures346

7.The Double-Probe Technique353

8.Sources of Error in Probe Technique361

Bibliography to Chapter IV370

CHAPTER Ⅴ-THE FORMATION OF NEGATIVE IONS375

1.Introduction375

2.The Electron-Attachment Theory of J.J.Thomson378

3.The Method of Bailey384

4.The Direct Measurement of h399

5.Observed Attachment Coefficients425

6.The Attachment Processes and Molecular Structure445

7.Energy of Negative Ion Formation in O2,and the Bradbury-Bloch Theory of Attachment to O2450

8.The Theory of the Negative Ion Formation in O2461

9.The Creation and Appearance of Negative Ions Other than Those Formed in Gas by Attachment Processes466

Bibliography to Chapter Ⅴ474

CHAPTER Ⅵ-THE RECOMBINATION OF IONS477

1.The Idealized Recombination Relations477

2.The Weakness of Idealized Theory480

3.The Extended Treatments of Recombination Processes482

4.The Measurement of the Coefficient of Recombination492

5.The Microwave Breakdown Method503

6.The Mechanism of Recombination,and the Various Recombination Processes511

7.The Observed Recombination Coefficients and Their Interpretation558

8.The Dissociative Electron-Ion Recombination Data563

Bibliography to Chapter Ⅵ594

CHAPTER Ⅶ-ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN GASES BELOW IONIZATION BY COLLISION597

1.Introduction597

2.The Geometrically Conditioned Saturation Current598

3.The Diffusive Effects on Currents in a Gas.The Photoelectric Current of Low Density in Gases601

4.The Space-Charge Limited Current620

5.The Effect of Positive Ions on the Space-Charge Limited Electron Current and the Space-Charge Limited Ion Detector628

6.Currents with Volume Ionization and Ion Recombination in a Gas634

Bibliography to Chapter Ⅶ646

CHAPTER Ⅷ-IONIZATION BY COLLISION OF ELECTRONS IN A GAS-TOWNSEND’S FIRST COEFFICIENT647

1.Introduction647

2.The Experimental Evaluation of the Townsend Coefficients655

3.The Form of the a/p-X/p Curves,and the η Efficiency Function664

4.Indirect Evaluations of the First Coefficient671

5.Measured Values of the First Townsend Coefficients in Pure Gases675

6.Discussion of Observations,Including Augmentation of a by Processes Other than Direct-Impact Ionization693

7.Measurements of the First Coefficient a in Gases Where Electrons Attach to Form Negative Ions708

8.Theoretical Evaluation of a/p as a Function of X/p712

9.Ionization by Collision in Nonuniform Fields727

Bibliography to Chapter Ⅷ748

CHAPTER Ⅸ-THE SECOND TOWNSEND COEFFICIENT751

1.Introduction751

2.The Possible Secondary Mechanisms Active in Gaseous Breakdown760

3.Liberation of Electrons at the Cathode by Positive Ion Bombardment764

4.Liberation of Electrons at the Cathode by Photons Produced by the Avalanches795

5.Ionization by Photons in the Gas in Uniform Field Geometry801

6.The Action of Metastable Atoms at the Cathode807

7.Ionization by Metastable and Excited Atoms in the Gas809

8.The Joint Action of Photoelectric Ionization at the Cathode and Secondary Electron Liberation by Positive Ion Impact on the Cathode811

9.Field Emission as a Secondary Mechanism813

10.The Secondary Electron Liberation by Charged Insu-lating Dusts;the Malter,or Paetow,Effect826

11.The Apparent Second Coefficient Resulting from Space-Charge Distortion Owing to Heavy Current Densities828

12.The Values of the Second Coefficients Observed by Townsend’s Method,and Their Interpretation833

13.The Beginning of Dynamic Studies852

14.Fast Oscillographic Analysis of γi and fθg by yon Gugelberg857

15.The Oscillographic Studies of Metastable Atomsby J.P.Molnar867

16.The Dynamic Study of the Fast Components in Secondary Mechanisms by J.A.Hornbeck887

17.The Method of E.J.Lauer and of L.Colli and U.Facchini in Coaxial Cylindrical Geome-try with Low X/p at the Cathode913

18.Amin’s Fast Oscilloscopic Studies of Point to Plane Corona938

19.Derivation of Expressions for Burst-Pulse,Geiger Counter Spread,and Streamer Thresholds953

Bibliography to Chapter Ⅸ962

Appendix Ⅰ-Notes Covering Recent Advances967

Appendix Ⅱ-Standard Reference Data971

Index to Authors975

Index to Subjects985