《THE ARC DISCHARGE Its Application to Power Control》

PART ONE:GENERAL PRINCIPLES,CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSTRUCTION1

1PRINCIPLES OF VALVE OPERATION3

THE VALVE AS AN ELECTRONIC SWITCH3

CURRENT AS A FLOW OF ELECTRONS AND IONS4

MOVEMENTS OF THE PARTICLES13

2GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARC-DISCHARGE VALVES17

CLASSIFICATION17

THE HOT-CATHODE RECTIFIER17

THE HOT-CATHODE THYRATRON23

THE IGNITRON31

THE EXCITRON34

ALKALI-VAPOUR RECTIFIERS AND THYRATRONS36

3DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION38

INTRODUCTION38

THE HOT-CATHODE VALVE39

THE IGNITRON77

THE EXCITRON93

PART TWO:PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE DISCHARGE99

4SECTION 1:ELECTRON EMISSION101

GENERAL THEORY AND CLASSIFICATION101

PHOTO-ELECTRIC EMISSION105

THERMIONIC EMISSION108

EMISSION PROCESSES IN ARC-DISCHARGE DEVICES110

4SECTION 2:EXCITATION AND IONIZATION PRO-CESSES116

PROCESSES INVOLVED116

COLLISIONS BETWEEN PARTICLES122

4SECTION 3:ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES-FORMS AND CHARACTERISTICS127

CLASSIFICATION127

POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION,FIELD AND SPACE CHARGE127

THE VACUUM DISCHARGE129

THE GAS DISCHARGE:STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT133

CONDITIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A SELF-SUSTAINING DISCHARGE136

THE GLOW DISCHARGE140

THE ARC DISCHARGE147

4SECTION 4:SPACE-CHARGE SHEATHS AND PROBE ANALYSIS150

SPACE-CHARGE CURRENT150

POSITIVE-ION SPACE-CHARGE SHEATHS152

NOTE ON ELECTRON VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION160

5PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARC DIS-CHARGE163

DISTRIBUTION OF THE PARTICLES163

VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN175

GATHODE SPOTS177

RECOMBINATION OF THE CHARGED PARTICLES185

ARC-BACK187

SPUTTER191

GAS CLEAN-UP195

6CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARC DISCHARGE205

FUNCTIONS OF GAS PRESSURE AND DENSITY205

ARC VOLTAGE DROP205

CONTROL213

IONIZATION TIME221

DEIONIZATION TIME225

PART THREE:THE VALVES IN USE231

7THE ARC DRSCHARGE VALVE AS A CIRCUIT COM-PONENT233

INTRODUCTION233

HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION239

BI-PHASE RECTIFICATION249

THREE-PHASE RECTIFICATION258

BRIDGE CIRCUITS FOR RECTIFICATION264

CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIPS IN SOME STANDARD RECTIFIER CONNECTIONS268

RECTIFICATION AND INVERSION269

VOLTAGE OUTPUT REGULATION275

A.C.CONTROL283

PULSINO CIRCUITS294

THE PARALLEL INVERTER302

SWITCHING DUTY305

CONDITIONS AT COMMUTATION311

ARC-BACK-PROTECTIVE MEASURES316

8CONTROL CRRCUITS321

GRID CONTROL321

GRID CONTROL CIRCUITS326

PHASE-SHIFTING BRIDGE CIRCUITS334

GENERATION OF VOLTAGE OF PEAKED WAVE FORM338

AUXILIARY ANODE CIRCUIT341

IGNITOR CIRCUITS344

TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF CONTROL CIRCUITS349

9RATINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION354

INTRODUCTION354

ANODE CURRENT RATINGS359

ANODE VOLTAGE RATINGS370

OPERATING FREQUENCY372

COMMUTATION372

AUXILIARY ANODE RATINGS373

GRID RATINGS374

IGNITOR REQUIREMENTS380

THE RATING OF IGNITRONS FOR A.C.CONTROL381

10GENERAL NOTES ON OPERATION AND MAIN-TENANCE395

INTRODUCTION395

CHOICE OF VALVE395

INSTALLATION397

THE HOT CATHODE403

THE GRID CIRCUIT404

THE ANODE CIRCUIT405

VALVE LIFE407

APPENDICES411

1UNITS413

2 FIELDS OF FORCE421

3 GASES AND VAPOURS425

4 PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS433

5 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS436

INDEX437