《SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS》求取 ⇩

PART Ⅰ.GENERAL PRINCIPLES1

CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTORY REMARKS1

CHAPTER 2.THE ORIGIN AND INTERPRETATION OF SPECTRA6

2-1Introduction6

2-2 Atomic structure and quantum theory6

2-3 Quantum numbers8

2-4 Multiplicity9

2-5 Energy levels(states)of an atom11

2-6 Some selection rules11

2-7 Graphical representation of energy levels or terms:EKcitation potentials12

2-8 Obtaining term symbols and excitation data from the literature13

2-9 Collisions of the second kind:The metastable state14

2-10 Ionization potentials15

2-11 Hyperfine structure of spectral lines15

2-12 Relative intensities of lines in a multiplet16

CHAPTER 3.SOME PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE D.C.ARC DISCHARGE17

3-1Excitation in the arc17

3-2 Arc temperature and ionization potential19

3-3 Degree of ionization and temperature23

3-4 Cathode layer enrichment23

3-5 Relative intensities of lines and temperature24

3-6 Measurement of arc temperature27

3-7 Natural shape and width of a line28

3-8 Self-absorption and self-reversal29

CHAPTER 4.POWER FOR THE ARC SOURCE33

4-1General33

4-2 Current control34

4-3 Multisource units36

4-4 Intermittent(pulsating or interrupted)arcs36

CHAPTER 5.QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS37

5-1Sampling and preparation of specimen37

5-2 Further preparation of specimen prior to arcing40

5-3 Electrode impurities and electrode purification43

5-4 Electrode shapes and sizes48

5-5 Less conventional methods of introducing the elements into the arc column51

5-6 Cathode layer excitation53

5-7 The most sensitive lines of the elements57

5-8 Methods of identifying elements61

5-9 Slit illumination for qualitative analysis64

5-10 Color of the arc image64

5-11 Visual(spectroscopic)analysis67

CHAPTER 6.SELECTIVE VOLATILIZATION68

6-1General68

6-2 Boiling points and selective volatilization69

6-3 Elimination of selective volatilization72

6-4 Some advantages of selective volatilization74

CHAPTER 7.GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS76

7-1Introduction76

7-2 Sample preparation and loading of electrodes76

7-3 A fundamental assumption in quantitative spectrochemical analysis78

Internal Standards78

7-4General78

7-5 Choosing an internal standard81

7-6 Purity of specimen with respect to the internal standard83

7-7 Volatilization rates85

7-8 Excitation differences86

7-9 Self-absorption in the internal standard line90

7-10 Separation of internal standard and analysis lines92

7-11 Stability of the intensity ratio of the analysis pair to compositional changes93

7-12 Ionization potential differences93

7-13 Atomic weight differences94

7-14 Purity of the internal standard94

7-15 Homologous pairs95

7-16 The presence of self-absorption in the analysis line95

7-17 The possibility of using absorption intensity ratios in quantitative analysis98

7-18 Quantitative spectroehemical analysis without the use of an internal standard100

7-19 Quantitative analysis using line width100

7-20 Preparation of standards101

7-21 Chemical concentration of elements prior to their analysis104

7-22 Statistical presentation of the reproducibility(precision)and accuracy of a method105

7-23 Slit illumination for quantitative analysis108

CHAPTER 8.EFFECT OF A CHANGE OF COMPOSITION ON LINE INIENSITY110

8-1Some examples of line intensity variations due to compositional changes110

8-2 Volatilization112

8-3 Arc temperatures:Spectroscopic buffers114

8-4 Collisions of the second kind119

8-5 Atomic and molecular weights of partieles in the arc column119

8-6 The role of anions119

8-7 Crystal structure120

8-8 Compositional effect in qualitative analysis120

CHAPTER 9.THE PHOTOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF RADIANT ENERGY AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A WORKING CURVE121

9-1The microphotometer,density,and the calibration curve121

9-2 The characteristic curve124

9-3 Recording a graded series of intensities for the construction of a calibration curve127

9-4 The working curve132

9-5 Other methods of obtaining intensities and the working curve136

9-6 Visual determination of line intensity for semiquantitative analysis140

9-7 Correction for the presence of background140

9-8 Correction for the presence of an interfering line142

CHAPTER 10.THE EMISSION OF BAND SPECTRA FROM THE ARC145

10-1Molecular excitation145

10-2 Details of some of the-commoner molecular emitters146

PART Ⅱ.THE ELEMENTS153

CRAPTER 11.SOME GENERAL SEMIQUANTITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS APPLICABLE TO A LARGE NUMBER OF ELEMBNTS155

CHAPTER 12.LI;RB AND CS162

12-1Lithium162

12-2 Rubidium and cesium164

CHAPTER 13.B;BE;SR AND BA168

13-1Boron168

13-2 Beryllium169

13-3 Strontium and barium170

CHAPTER 14.F AND CL173

14-1Fluorine173

14-2 Chlorine176

CHAPTER 15.GA;IN;TL177

15-1Gallium177

15-2 Indium179

15-3 Thallium180

CHAPTER 16.THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS(Y and elements 57-71)183

CHAPTER 17.SC;ZR AND HF;U AND TH;RE190

17-1Scandium190

17-2 Zirconium and hafnium191

17-3 Uranium and thorium193

17-4 Rhenium195

CHAPTER 18.AG;AU;PT,PD,RH,IR,OS,AND RU196

18-1Silver196

18-2 Gold197

18-3 Platinoids198

CHAPTER 19.W;Mo;NB AND TA;TE AND SE;P200

19-1Wolfram200

19-2 Molybdenum201

19-3 Niobium and tantalum202

19-4 Tellurium and selenium204

19-5 Phosphorus204

CHAPTER 20.ZN,CD,AS,SB,BI,AND HG206

CHAPTER 21.PB;CU;SN;GE211

21-1Lead211

21-2 Copper212

21-3 Tin214

21-4 Germanium215

CHAPTER 22.NI AND CO;V;CR218

22-1Nickel and cobalt218

22-2 Vanadium219

22-3 Chromium221

CHAPTER 23.COMMON ELEMENTS USUALLY PRESENT AS MAJOR CONSTIT-UENTS(Si,Al,Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,Ti,K,and Na)223

23-1Introduction223

23-2 A method developed by Kvalheim(1947)especially for minerals and rocks224

23-3 Potassium in feldspar226

23-4 Method of Jaycox(1947)227

23-5 Method of Fitz and Murray(1945),developed and used particu-larly for very small samples228

23-6 Some comments on the detection of the common elements and their quantitative analysis as trace constituents229

BIBLIOGRAPHY233

AUTHOR INDEX255

GENERAL INDEX260

WAVELENGTH TABLES270