《HANDBOOK OF PLASTICS》

Ⅰ.SURVEY OF THE INDUSTRY1

Ⅱ.PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS51

Ⅲ.COMMERCIAL MATERIALS98

Ⅳ.PRIMARY INGREDIENTS304

Ⅴ.CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS PLASTICS378

Ⅵ.TEXTILE FIBERS452

Ⅶ.RUBBERS AND ELASTOMERS500

Ⅷ.NATURAL RESINS525

Ⅸ.FILMS AND SHEETINGS546

Ⅹ.LAMINATES AND PLYWOODS587

Ⅺ.COATINGS648

Ⅻ.ADHESIVES681

ⅩⅢ.MANUFACTURING PROCESSES697

ⅩⅣ.PLANT EQUIPMENT759

ⅩⅤ.PROCESSING AND FABRICATING835

ⅩⅥ.FINISHING OPERATIONS933

ⅩⅦ.MOLDS968

ⅩⅧ.THE CHEMISTRY OF PLASTICS1008

ⅩⅨ.ANALYTICAL METHODS1056

ⅩⅩ.APPLICATIONS1114

ⅩⅪ.DESIGNING MOLDED PARTS1175

ⅩⅫ.OPERATING PRACTICE1198

ⅩⅩⅢ.CHOICE OF PLASTIC1214

ⅩⅩⅣ.COST ACCOUNTING IN THE INDUSTRY1232

ⅩⅩⅤ.PATENTS IN PLASTICS1249

ⅩⅩⅥ.WORLD PLASTICS1292

USEFUL TABLES1319

TRADE-MARKS AND TRADE NAMES1351

GENERAL GLOSSARY1411

CHEMICAL GLOSSARY1437

BIBLIOGRAPHY1455

GENERAL INDEX1465

Ⅰ.SURVEY OF THE INDUSTRY1

What is the Plastics Industry1

What is a Plastic2

History of Plastics3

Progress in Plastics7

Progress in Plastics Processing9

Relation of Rubber and Plastics12

Statistics of the Plastics Industry13

Machin-ery for Plastics17

Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation19

American Cyanamid Company19

American Molding Powder and Chemical Cor-poration20

Bakelite Corporation20

The Barrett Division,Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation20

Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Cor-poration(Plastics Division)21

Casein Company of America21

Catalin Corporation of America21

Celanese Corporation of America22

Celanese Celluloid Corporation23

Chemaco Corporation23

Continental-Diamond Fibre Company23

Dow Chemical Company24

E.I.du Pont de Nemours and Company,Inc.24

Durez PlasticsChemicals,Inc.26

Eastman Kodak Company26

General Electric Company27

Gering Products,Inc.27

B.F.Goodrich Chemical Company28

The Goodyear Tire Rubber Company28

Hercules Powder Company28

Koppers Company,Inc.29

I.F.Laucks,Inc.30

Makalot Corporation30

Manufacturers Chemical Corporation30

Monsanto Chemical Com-pany31

Nixon Nitration Works31

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company31

Plaskon Division,Llbbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company32

Rohm Haas Company32

Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation33

Westing-house Electric Corporation33

The Future of Plastics34

Technical Employment Possibilities36

Some Typical Laminators39

Molders and Laminators40

Ⅱ.PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS51

Specific Gravity;Tensile Strength;79

Modulus of Elasticity;Compressive Strength;Flexural Strength80

Impact Strength;Hardness,Brinell;Thermal Conductivity81

Specific Heat;Thermal Expansivity;Safe Top Operating Temperature82

Volume Resistivity;Dielectric Strength;Dielectric Constant83

Power Factor84

Moisture Absorption;Refractive Index85

Chemical Resistance of Various Plastics85

Low-Pressure Resins87

Some Properties of Laminac Low Pressure Resins89

Properties of Laminated Materials89

Physical Properties of some Selectron Resins92

Properties of Selectron Laminates95

Ⅲ.COMMERCIAL MATERIALS98

American Cyanamid Company:Products99

American Plastics Corporation: Products106

Athol Manufacturing Company: Products106

Bakelite Corporation:Products107

The Barrett Division,Allied ChemicalDye Corporation:Products115

Burgess Cellulose Company:Products117

Catalin Corporation:Products118

Celanese Corporation of America: Products121

Chemaco Corporation:Products129

Ciba Products Corporation:Products131

Continental-Diamond Fibre Company:Products132

The Dow Chemical Company:Products135

E.I.du Pont de Nemours Company,Inc.:Products154

Durez Plastics Chemicals,Inc.:Products167

Durite Plastics,Inc.:Products173

Fabricon Products,Inc.:Products175

The Firestone Tire Rubber Company:Products183

The Formica Insulation Company:Products187

General Electric Company:Products189

General Mills,Inc.:Products194

B.F.Goodrich Chemical Company:Products195

The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company,Inc.:Products198

Hercules Powder Company:Products202

Makalot Corporation:Products204

Marathon Corporation:Products207

The Marblette Corporation:Products208

Marbon Corporation:Products209

Marco Chemicals,Inc.:Products210

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company:Products214

Monsanto Chemical Company:Products214

National Vulcanized Fibre Company:Products242

Nixon Nitration Works:Products242

Pennsylvania Coal Products Company:Products245

Pennsylvania Industrial Chemical Corporation:Products247

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company:Products248

Plaskon Division,Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company:Products257

Reilly Tar Chemical Corporation:Products264

The Resinous Products and Chemical Company:Products265

The Richardson Company:Products275

Rohm Haas Company:Products277

Spaulding Fibre Company,Inc.:Products283

Synthane Corporation:Products284

Taylor Fibre Company:Products285

Tennessee East-man Corporation:Products290

The United States Stoneware Company:Products296

Westinghouse Electric Corporation:Products298

Ⅳ.PRIMARY INGREDIENTS304

Fillers304

Catalysts312

Hardeners314

Lubricants315

Solvents and Plasticizers316

Alternate Names for Solvents318

Alternate Names for Plasticizers320

Compatibility Characteristics334

Bibliography-Solvents and Plasticizers352

Preparation of some Raw Materials353

Colorants used in Plastics358

Types of Colorants360

Ⅴ.CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS PLASTICS378

Acrylic Resins378

Alkyd Resins381

Allyl Resins383

Benzyl Cellulose383

Bubblfil384

Casein Plastics and Other Proteins384

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Products386

Cellulose Acetate387

Cellulose Acetate Butyrate389

Cellulose Nitrate390

Chlorinated Rubber392

Cold-Molded Bitumen393

Coumarone-Indene394

Ethyl Cellulose396

Methyl Cellulose399

Furfural399

Karbate401

Lignin Plastics402

Melamine-Formaldehyde404

Phenol Aldehyde Resins405

Phenolic Resins in Coatings411

Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resins414

Polyoamides(Nylon)415

Polyamide Resins417

Unsaturated Polyester Resins418

Polyethylene418

Polystyrene421

Polydichlorostyrene424

Rosin Derivatives424

Shellac424

The Silicones425

Sulfur-Olefin Plastics427

Tetrafluoroethylene Polymer429

Urea-Formaldehyde Resins430

Vinyl Resins436

Polyvinyl Acetate436

Polyvinylcar-bazole438

Polyvinyl Chloride439

Vinyl Chloride-Acetate Copolymers439

Polyvinyl Acetals(Polyvinyl Aldehyde Reaction Products)442

Polyvinyl Acetal,Polyvinyl Butyral,Polyvinyl Formal443

Vinylidene Chloride444

Vulcanized Fiber444

Wood-Base Plastics445

Vibrins449

Zein Plastics451

Ⅵ.TEXTILE FIBERS452

Multifilaments452

Type A Rayons452

Type B Rayons460

Rayon Staple Fiber465

Effect of Variations in Atmospheric Conditions in the Testing of Rayon467

The Rayon Industry470

Protein Fibers(Type C)475

Nylon(Type D)479

Cellulose Propionate Yarns487

Vinyon(Type E)488

Vinylidene Chloride Polymers(Type E);Polyvinyl Chloride(Type E);Polyvinyl Alcohol(Type E);Polyvinyl Acetals(Type E)490

Glass Fibers(Type F)491

Monofilaments493

Nylon494

Vinylidene Resins496

Resin Coated Yarns498

Ⅶ.RUBBERS AND ELASTOMERS500

Kinds of Synthetic Rubber Classified According to their Chemical Structure500

Raw Materials Needed to Make Principal Synthetic Rubbers515

Ⅷ.NATURAL RESINS525

Accroides529

Amber530

Damar532

East Indies:Batu,Black,and Pale533

Kauri534

Manilas535

Ⅸ.FILMS AND SHEETINGS546

Film Materials546

Methods of Film Preparation548

Properties of Unsupported Films552

Films from Cellulose Acetate557

Rubber Hydrochloride Film564

Film from Polyvinyl Chloride and Vinyl Chloride Copolymers570

Film from Polyethylene573

Plastics Films in the Electrical Industry579

Ⅹ.LAMINATES AND PLYWOODS587

Low-pressure Paper-Base Laminates588

Resin Treatment of Wood598

Post Forming613

High-Pressure Laminates619

Laminated Phenolic Materials622

Practical Methods of Machining Laminates629

Suggestions on Design for the Use of Laminates632

A Few Uses for Laminates in Industries they Serve633

Molded Laminates634

Thermoplastic Laminates635

Flexible Pressure Forming637

Bag Molding Technique642

Fiberglas Laminates645

Core Materials646

Ⅺ.COATINGS648

Dispersion Resins649

Silicones649

Cellulose Nitrate650

Wood-Finishing Lacquers651

Ethyl Cellulose657

Cellulose Acetate658

Mixed Esters659

Urea-Formaldehyde Resins660

Melamine Resins663

Vinyl Compounds654

Acrylic Ester Polymers665

Alkyds666

Modified Alkyd Resins668

Phenolics671

The Natural Resins673

Rubber-Base Coatings674

Organic Coating Testing676

Ⅻ.ADHESIVES681

Chemical Classification of Adhesives681

General Characteristics of Adhesives682

Soluble Blood and Synthetic Resin Adhesives686

Starch and Synthetic Resin Adhesives689

Synthetic Resin and Soybean Flour Adhesives691

Furfural Resin Adhesives for Aircraft Use692

ⅩⅢ.MANUFACTURING PROCESSES697

Flow Sheets Accompanying Articles697

Manufacture of Phenol-Formaldehyde Plastics and Molding Compositions698

Manufacture of Cast Phenolic Resins702

Manufacture of Soybean-Phenolic Molding Powder706

Manufacture of Urea Plastics708

Manufacture of Melamine-Formaldenyde Plastics711

Manufacture of Alkyd Resins713

Manufacture of Vinyl Ester Resins716

Manufacture of Vinyl Chloride-Acetate Copolymer718

Manufacture of Polyvinyl-Aldehyde(Acetate)Plastics720

Manufacture of Vinylidene Chloride Plastics722

Manufacture of Polyvinyl-Alcohol Plastics724

Manufacture of Acrylic Resins725

Manufacture of Polystyrene729

Manufacture of Polyethylene732

Manufacture of Coumarone-Indene Resins732

Manufacture of Cellulose Acetate Plastics736

Manufacture of Cellulose Nitrate Plastics738

Manufacture of Cellulose Ether Plastics741

Manufacture of Lignin Plastics743

Manufacture of Furfural Resins744

Manufacture of Casein Plastics748

Manufacture of Nylon753

Manufacture of Zein Plastics754

Manufacture of Cold-Molded Products756

ⅩⅣ.PLANT EQUIPMENT759

Resin Kettles759

Some General Kettle Considerations762

General Processing Equipment767

Equipment for Molding Plants779

Weighing and Measuring779

Preforming781

Compression Molding Equipment784

Injection Molding Equipment787

Heating Media791

Preforming Equipment796

Commercial Equipment801

Accessory Equipment808

Representative List of Manufacturers822

ⅩⅤ.PROCESSING AND FABRICATING835

Methods of Molding835

Compression Molding835

Injection Molding843

Jet Molding850

Transfer Molding851

Heatronic Molding857

Cold Molding874

Blow Molding875

Plunger Molding882

Radiant Heating883

Induction Heating of Inserts884

Powder Preheating-Continuous Agitation885

Resistance Preheating of Molding Materials887

Laminating887

Extrusion887

Importance of Good Molds898

Operation of Injection Molds901

Practical Use of Compression Molds909

Trimming and Assembling918

Casting Plastics920

Fluid Pressure Molding926

Application of Plastics to Fabrics by Calendering930

ⅩⅥ.FINISHING OPERATIONS933

Finishing Molded Parts933

Machining Plastics947

Grinding,Sanding and Tumbling950

Finishing and Assembling Cast Phenolics952

Metal Coatings on Plastics957

Forming Cellulose Acetate Sheets963

ⅩⅦ.MOLDS968

Design of Molds971

Mold Construction975

Materials of Mold Construction981

Types of Steel Used for Molds996

Hard Chromium Plating997

Stainless Steels for Plastic Molds1005

What Type of Stainless is Most Desirable1006

ⅩⅧ.THE CHEMISTRY OF PLASTICS1008

Raw Materials1008

Coal1011

Petroleum1013

Natural Gas Case1015

Agricultural Material1015

Carbohydrates1015

Methylene;Formaldehyde;Acetaldehyde1016

Furfural;Cellulose1017

Protcins1020

Shellac1022

Lignin1023

Inorganic1024

Monomers and Polymers1027

Condensing Type Polymers1033

Addition Type Polymers1042

Cellulose Plastics1049

ⅩⅨ.ANALYTICAL METHODS1056

Differentiation into Groups1058

FluoreScence Analysis of Plastics1081

Composition1087

Ring and Ball Method1093

Apparatus1093

Preparation of Sample1094

Procedure1094

Viscosity Determination1096

Phenolic Plastics1097

Urea Plastics1098

Alkyd Plastics1100

Polystyrene1102

Polyacrylate Plastics1104

Cellulose Ethers1104

Cellulose Esters1105

ⅩⅩ.APPLICATIONS1114

Abrasives1114

Plastics in Architecture,Building,and Furnishings1115

Prefabricated Housing1117

Plastics in the Arts1119

Plastics and Phonograph Records1123

Plastics in Sculpture1125

Plastics in Handicrafts1125

Plastics in the Automotive Industry1126

Application of Chemigum N Synthetic Rubber1129

Synthetic Resins in Airplane Construction1130

Plastics for Displays1137

Plastics in the Electrical Industry1139

Plastics in Household Appliances and Gadgets1140

Industrial Applications1147

Plastics in Packaging1159

Athletic and Sport Equipment1167

Plastics in Dentistry1167

Plastics in Surgery1174

ⅩⅪ.DESIGNING MOLDED PARTS1175

Correct Detailed Design Reduces Mold Expense1176

Principles of Design1176

Allowances and Tolerances1179

Inserts1179

Lettering and Engraving1186

Assembly Accessories1188

Color and Plastics1189

Design of Inserts for Molded Plastics Parts1191

ⅩⅫ.OPERATING PRACTICE1198

Routine Plant Inspection and Physical Testing of Plastics1198

Production Control1198

Price and Production1202

Workers’ Welfare1207

ⅩⅧ.CHOICE OF PLASTIC1214

Selection Based on Characteristics1218

Stress and Strain1226

Effect of Temperature on Tensile Strength1227

Tensile Properties1229

Flexural Properties1230

Impact Properties1230

Reliability of Data1230

ⅩⅩⅣ.COST ACCOUNTING IN THE INDUSTRY1232

The Balance Sheet;The Operating Statement;The Cost System;Cost Application;Cost Control;Estimating1232

Price Formula1233

Shop Control1233

Office Control;Sales1234

Accounting;Forms1235

The First Year’s Comparative Cost Accounting by One Company1235

Establishing the Basis for Costing1236

Compiling the Standard Costs1243

ⅩⅩⅤ.PATENTS IN PLASTICS1249

Alkyd(Glyptal)Resins1249

Aminoplasts1251

Lignin Plastics1258

Organo-Silicon Resins1259

Phenolic Resins1260

Vinyl,Styrene and Acrylic Resins1269

Miscellaneous Resins1278

ⅩⅩⅥ.WORLD PLASTICS1292

Argentina;Brazil;Chile1292

Colombia;Peru;Uruguay;Venezuela;Australia;Canada;Mexico;Russia1293

Plastics in Germany1294

Polyvinyl Chloride1295

Polyvinylidene Chloride;Polyethylene1296

Polystyrene1297

Polyamides1298

Polyurethanes1299

Polyvinyl Ethers1301

Polyacrylates1302

Polyvinyl Cabarzole;Polyester Elastomers;Polyvinyl Acetate1305

Polyvinyl Alcohol;Polyvinyl Acetals;Polyisobutylene1306

Polyethyleneimine;Phenolic Resins1307

Urea Resins1309

Cellulose Plastics1310

Plastics in England1311

Export Trade1313

1.1General Plastics Statistics16

1.2Production of Five Resins17

1.3Production in the United States,July,1946 and 194718

1.4Technical Personnel and Volume of Production in the Synthetic Resins and and Plastic Industry37

1.5Members of the American Chemical Society Reporting Specialization in Synthetic Resins and Plastics,with Corresponding Percentages of Total for all Fields of Specialization37

1.6Research Laboratories Engaged in work on Synthetic Resins and Plastics38

2.1Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde,Phenol-Furfural and Silicone Resin Compounds52

2.2Properties of Urea and Melamine Molding Compounds63

2.3Properties of Vinyl Resins and Polystyrenes64

2.4Properties of Methyl Methacrylate68

2.5Properties of Nylon70

2.6Properties of Cellulose Derivative Plastics72

2.7Miscellaneous Compounds74

2.8Properties of Plastics Compared79

Properties of Low-Pressure Binders88

Some Properties of Laminac Low Pressure Resins89

Properties of Laminated Materials89

Physical Properties of some Selectron Resins92

3.1Properties of Injection Grades of Ethocel Plastic136

3.2Properties of Extrusion Grades of Ethocel Plastic137

3.3Properties of LT Ethocel Plastic140

3.4Strength of Tubing141

3.5Silicone and Petroleum Greases151

3.6Specifications for Dow Corning Silicone Greases153

3.7General Properties of Lucite155

3.8Comparison of Specific Gravities of Some Materials158

3.9General Properties of Plastacele158

3.10Cellulose Nitrate Compared with Wood160

3.11General Properties of Pyralin161

3.12General Properties of Polythene163

3.13Typical Properties of Durez General-Purpose,Heat-Resistant and Non-Bleed Materials168

3.14Typical Properties of Durez High-Impact Electrical and Special Materials170

3.15Properties of Durite Molding Materials174

3.16Weight of Phenopreg Grades175

3.17Physical Values of Various Grades of Phenopreg after Lamination176

3.18Bootleg Duck Grades177

3.19Enameling Duck Grades178

3.20Phenopreg Sheeting178

3.21Phenopreg Paper Grades179

3.22Phenopreg Tube Winding Paper Grades179

3.23High-Tensile Plastic Paper,Grade No.34180

3.24Phenopreg Bonding Material180

3.25Phenopreg Specialty Grades181

3.26Properties of Makalot Phenolic Compounds205

3.27Typical Makalot Phenolic Molding Compounds206

3.28Effect of Various Chemicals on Some Resins212

3.29Marco-Board-Properties and Specifications213

3.30Comparative Properties of Monsanto Plastics218

3.31Monsanto Potting Compound,Physical and Electrical Properties228

3.32Resin Resistance to Solvents and Oils232

3.33Physical Properties of Typical Thermosetting Vinyl Butyral Compound241

3.34Average Values of Phenolite Tubing241

3.35Average Values of Phenolite Sheet243

3.36General Properties Chart of Nixon Plastics244

3.37Fabrication Characteristics of Allymer C.R.39252

3.38Physical Properties of Allymer C.R.39,when Polymerized into clear Castings,and of two Typical Laminates252

3.39Effects of Modifying Agents,Added to Allymer C.R.39 before Polymerization upon the Properties of the Polymer253

3.40Properties of Allymer C.R.149254

3.41Fabrication Characteristics of Allymer C.R.149254

3.42Physical Properties of Allymer C.R.149,when Polymerized into clear Castings,and of two Typical Crossed Laminates255

3.43Effects of Modifying Agents,added to Allymer C.R.149 before Polymerization,upon the Properties of the Polymer256

3.44Properties of Allymer 170256

3.45Fabrication Characteristics of Allymer 170257

3.46Physical Properties of Allymer 170 when Polymerized into clear Castings,and of two Typical Crossed Laminates257

3.47Lighting Efficiency of Plaskon258

3.48Plaskon Molding Conditions260

3.49Physical Properties of Plaskon 911-11 Resin Laminates264

3.50Paraplex Characteristics267

3.51Physical Properties of the Uformites269

3.52Physical Properties of Acryloid270

3.53Characteristics of Acryloid Films270

3.54Electrical Resistance of Acryloid Films270

3.55Properties of Plexiglas280

3.56Plexene M Molding Powder282

3.57Taylor Vulcanized Fibre Data286

3.58Dielectric Strength of Sheets289

3.59Summary of Range of Properties-Tenite Ⅰ293

3.60Summary of Range of Properties-Tenite Ⅱ294

3.61Comparison of Physical Properties of Micarta to Various Metals299

3.62Properties of Molded Micarta302

4.1Properties of Some Common Fillers305

4.2Flexural and Impact Strength of Wood-Flour Filled Resins306

4.3Base Materials which may be Used in Plastics308

4.4Additional Materials Used in Plastics311

4.6Some Catalytic Reactions Important to the Plastics Industry,with the Catalysts Usually Employed312

4.7Table of Solvents322

4.8Table of Plasticizers336

4.9Factors Influencing the Selection of Coloring Materials364

4.10Compatibility of Coloring Materials with Various Plastic Binders365

4.11General Properties of Coloring Materials Used in Plastics366

4.12Major Test and Fastness Requirements for Coloring Matters in Plastics367

4.13Plastic Binders as Solid Solvents for Dyes368

4.14Properties Chart of Coloring Materials for Plastics369

4.15Colors for Plastics374

5.1Heating Time and Temperature for Bending Acrylic Rods379

5.2Physical Properties of Karbate401

5.3Designation of Different Types of Karbate401

5.4Phenolic Resins-Laminates Tubes410

5.5Typical Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene Polymer429

5.6Properties of Polectron Polymer438

5.7Properties of Extruded Vinyl Chloride-Acetate441

5.8Properties of Vibrin-103450

6.1Viscose Process454

6.2Ethoxy Content of Ethyl Cellulose464

6.3Physical Properties of Cellulose Ether and Cellulose Ester464

6.4Physical Properties-Representative Textile Type Rayon Yarns466

6.5Physical Properties-High Tenacity Viscose Rayon Yarns467

6.6Types of Rayons Sold in United States470

6.7Rayon Staple Fiber Production in the United States471

6.8Selected Textile Fiber and Yarn Prices472

6.9U.S.Rayon Production and Distribution473

6.10Physical Properties of Protein Fibers479

6.11Diamine-Dicarboxylic Acid Salts480

6.12Physical Properties of Nylon484

6.13Some Important Characteristics of Nylon484

6.14Types of Nylon Yarn485

6.15Physical Properties of Vinyon488

6.16Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Vinyon489

6.17Types and Costs of"Vinyon"Yarn489

6.18Sizes of the Common Monofils495

6.19The More Important Properties of Saran497

6.20Approximate Tensile Strength and Elongation of Certain Textile Fibers499

7.1Physical Properties of Silastic Stocks501

7.2Electrical Properties of Silastic Stocks501

7.3Chemical Resistance of Silastic Stocks for Molding and Extruding ASTM D-543-43502

7.4Physical Properties of Silastic 120 and 125 for Coating and Laminating504

7.5Electrical Properties of Silastic 120 and 125504

7.6Chemical Resistance of Silastic 120 and 125 for Coating and Laminating ASTM D-543-43504

7.7Some Characteristics of Hercules"Ethyl Rubber"Compositions514

7.8Production of Synthetic Rubber515

7.9Chemical Structure of Varieties of Synthetic Rubber and Elastomers517

7.10Properties of Various Substances of Rubbery Characteristic521

8.1Classification of Natural Resins527

8.2Origin and Commercial Packages of Natural Resins528

8.3Properties of Natural Resins537

8.4Compatibility of Natural Resins with Other Resins539

8.5Compatibility of Natural Resins with Nitrocellulose540

8.6Compatibility of Natural Resins with Ethyl Cellulose541

8.7Compatibility of Natural Resins with Waxes542

8.8Compatibility of Natural Resins with Asphalts and Pitches543

8.9Compatibility of Natural Resins with Chlorinated Rubber544

9.1Properties of Regenerated Films555

9.2Gas Permeability of Regenerated Cellulose556

9.3Thickness in Weight of Films559

9.4Transparency of some Films559

9.5Weights for Rubber Hydrochloride Film566

9.6Moisture Vapor Transmission of Representative Types of Pliofilm566

9.7Diffusion Rates of Air,Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide through Pliofilm566

9.8Physical Test Data on Pliofilm566

9.9Properties of Vinyl Film572

9.10Properties of Saran Film-Type M574

9.11Gas Permeability of Polyethylene Film576

9.12Moisture absorption of Cellulose Films580

9.13Permeability Standards(Values of D)581

9.14Dielectric Strength of Some Plastics Films582

9.15Power Factor and Dielectric Constant of some Materials582

10.1Standard Nema Specifications for Resin-Impregnated Paper Laminates for Use in Electrical Insulation589

10.2Physical Characteristics of Type X Insulation and Impregnated Mitscherlich Spruce Sulfite590

10.3Difference in Physical Characteristics of Laminates Molded at 100 and 1000 PSI594

10.3A Characteristics of Typical Low Pressure Laminating Resins594

10.4Variations in Strengths Characteristics of High-Strength Paper Laminates595

10.5Directional Properties of Paper-Base and Glass-Base Laminates596

10.6Comparison of Various Specific Strengths of Laminated Paper-Base Plastic and Aluminum Alloy 24 ST596

10.7Comparison of Tensile Strength of Plywood,Paper-Base Plastic and Aluminum Alloy 24 ST597

10.8Properties of Cross-Banded,Phenolic Resin Laminates with Different Fiber Bases597

10.9Water-Vapor Transfusion through Resin-Bonded Douglas-Fir Plywood under a Steady-State Relative-Humidity Gradient 100 to 30%602

10.10Normal Approximate Strength Properties of Parallel-Laminated Birch Compreg with a Specific Gravity607

10.11Comparison of High Density Laminated Wood609

10.12Effect of Glue Solids on Moisture Content of Plywood612

10.13Physical Properties of Typical Plywood Tubes613

10.14Mechanical Properties of Typical Plywood Tubes613

10.15Standards of Quality for Laminated Sheets624

10.16Standard Thickness Tolerances of Laminated Sheets627

10.17Approximate Weights of Standard 36 In.x 36 In.Laminated Sheets628

10.18Formula for Computing Horsepower of Laminated Gears628

10.19Comparison of Standard Grade C Sheet Stock with Molded-Laminated and Molded-Macerated Grade C629

10.20Effect of Various Types and Proportions of Fabrics in Thermoplastic Laminations635

10.21Typical Resins Used in Low-Pressure Molding641

10.22Mechanical Properties of Cloth,Paper and Fiber Glass Laminates641

10.23Properties of Glass Cloth Laminates645

10.24Physical Properties-Honeycomb Core646

10.25Some Typical Core Materials Suppliers647

11.1Properties of Some Typical Dispersion Resins649

11.2Properties and Uses of Typical Synthetic Coatings667

11.3Benzyl Cellulose Compared with Other Cellulosic Coatings673

11.4Weathering Characteristics of selected materials679

12.1Industrial Adhesives and Applications685

12.2Strip Shear Tests on 1/16 In.3-Ply Vertical Grain Birch695

13.1Furfural Derivatives747

14.1Corrosion in Alkyd Resins Manufacture764

14.2Corrosion Tests in the Manufacture of Representative Phenolic Resins764

14.3Impact Grinder Data770

14.4Grinders and Sifters770

14.5Wide Range of Capacities Available in Banbury Mixers772

14.6Ranges of Capacities-Stokes Rotary Press796

14.7Preforming Presses797

14.8Some Characteristic Compression Molding Presses799

14.9Some Characteristic Injection Molding Presses805

14.10Specifications for Royle Extruding Machines806

14.11Specifications for Lester Injection Molding Machine for Plastics814

14.12Specifications covering 6 oz.Injection Machine815

15.1Loss Factor of Molding Material Preforms864

15.2Effect of Method of Heating on Flow Characteristics of Molding Materials865

15.3Physical and Electrical Properties of High Impact Resistant Phenolic Material Molded by Standard and Electronic Methods865

15.4Properties of Molded Blocks870

15.5Typical Articles Produced by Heatronic Molding871

16.1Saws for Laminated Plastics947

16.2Laminated Phenolic Plate-Punching Properties of Various Grades949

16.3Tests on Unplated and Plated Plastics961

17.1Tests for Impact and Flexural Strength974

17.2Average Physical Properties of Various Steels985

18.1Sources of Representative Plastics1009

18.2Materials Available from Coal Tar1011

18.3Conversion of Alkanes to Alkenes1013

18.4Plastics Derived from Petroleum1014

18.5Representative Types of Reactions Producing Condensation and Addition Polymers1028

18.6Comparison of Molecular Weight Measurements1032

18.7Average Molecular Weight for Various Polymers1033

19.1Elemental Compositions1057

19.2Separation of Group A1061

19.3Properties of Resins in Group A1062

19.4Separation of Group B1063

19.5Properties of the Resins in Group B1064

19.6Separation of Group C1065

19.7Properties of Resins in Group C1065

19.8Separation of Group D1066

19.9Properties of Resins in Group D1066

19.10Separation of Group E1067

19.11Properties of Resins in Group E1068

19.12Separation of Group F1069

19.13Properties of Resins in Group F1070

19.14Separation of Group G1071

19.15Properties of Resins in Group G1072

19.16Separation of Group H1074

19.17Properties of Resins of Group H1075

19.18Phenol Tests1079

19.19Fluorescence of Plastics and Resins in Filtered Ultraviolet Light1082

19.20Color Test1086

19.21Behavior of Plastics on Strong Heating on Sample in Test Tube1108

20.1Plastics in Architecture,Building,and Furnishings1120

20.2Typical Application of Plastics in Aviation1132

20.3Plastics in the Electrical Industry1141

20.4Suggestions for Use of Plastics in Design of Machine Tools1156

20.5Plastics Plywood Applications1158

20.6Plastics in Clothing and Personal Articles1161

20.7Plastics in Photography1165

20.8Plastics in Railroads and Shipping1166

20.9Use of Plastics in Sports,Games and Toys1168

20.10Plastics in Science1172

22.1Price and Production of molds1203

22.2Additional Production Per Single Cavity1206

22.3Cost Study of Automatic Molding1207

22.4Disabling Injuries,1939,Chemical Industry,by Industrial Groups1212

23.1Selection of Materials for some Typical Products1216

23.2Guide to Selection Based on Characteristics of Materials1218

23.3Manufacturing Procedure Compared for Different Materials1224

23.4Chemicals and Reagents Having no Effect on Cellulose Acetate Butyrate1225

23.5Chemicals and Reagents that Cannot be Used with Cellulose Acetate Butyrate1226

23.6Effect of some Chemicals and Reagents on Cellulose Acetate Butyrate1226

Molding Conditions for Phenolics1228

Tensile Strength of Phenolics at Various Temperatures1229

Flexural Strength of Phenolics at Various Temperatures1230

Impact Strength of Phenolics at Various Temperatures1231

26.1Cost of Vinyl Products1295

26.2Cost of Plastics Compared1297

26.3Production and Cost of German Plastics1298

26.4Cost of Certain Vinyl Ethers1301

26.5Production and Cost of Selected Plastics1303

26.6U.S.Exports of Cellulose Plastic Molding Compositions and Powders,January Through May,19461314

Ⅰ.Modulus of Elasticity in Tension of some Materials1319

Ⅱ.Thermal Conductivity of Materials1319

Ⅲ.Densities and Refractive Indices of Synthetic Resins1319

ⅢA.Specific Gravity to Pounds Per Gallon1321

Ⅳ.Densities and Refractive Indices of Natural Resins and their Glycerol Esters1322

Ⅴ.Constants of Oils Used in Paint,Varnish,and Lacquer Industry1322

Ⅵ.Physical and Chemical Properties of the Common Waxes1323

Ⅶ.Specifications for Coke Oven Light Oil Distillates and Other Coal Tar Solvents1324

Ⅷ.Properties of Certain Flammable Materials1326

Ⅸ.Capacities of Hydraulic Rams in Tons1328

Ⅹ.Steam Table1331

Ⅺ.Tap and Drill Sizes1332

Ⅻ.Button Measurements1333

ⅩⅢ.Table of Brinell Hardness Numbers1334

ⅩⅣ.Screen Scale Sieves for Closer Sizing1334

ⅩⅤ.Wire and Sheet Metal Gauges1335

ⅩⅥ.Temperature Conversion Tables1336

ⅩⅦ.Plastics Production Conversion Table1337

ⅩⅧ.Areas,Volumes and Conversion of Fractions into Decimals1338

ⅩⅨ.Weight of 1000 Pieces in Pounds Based on Weight of One Piece in Gram1341

ⅩⅩ.Specific Gravity into Ounces and Grams1342

ⅩⅪ.Hardness of Materials by Moh Scale1343

ⅩⅫ.Weight of Rods of Specific Gravity 1.361343

ⅩⅩⅢ.Number of Feet of Tube of Specific Gravity 1.36 in One Pound1344

ⅩⅩⅣ.Hardness Conversion Tables1345

ⅩⅩⅤ.Conversion of Volumes or Cubic Measure1346

ⅩⅩⅥ.Summary of Inflammability and Explosibility of Powders Used in the Plastics Industry1347

ⅩⅩⅦ.Table Showing Feet Per Pound in Cellulose Nitrate Rods and Tubes1348

3.1Effect of Temperature on Impact Strength of Ethocel Plastics138

3.2Effect of Temperature on Dimensional Change of Injectional Molded LT Ethocel Plastic139

3.3Bursting Strength of Extruded Ethocel Plastic Tubing141

3.4Relative Reactivity Phenol and Resorcinol245

3.5Gel Time of Resin at Various pH Values246

6.1Types of Synthetic Fibers452

6.2Conversion of Wood Pulp and Cotton Linters453

6.3Rayon Viscose Process455

6.4Rayon Viscose455

6.5Rayon Viscose,Ripening456

6.6Regeneration in Rayon Production457

6.7Bucket Rayon Spinning Machine458

6.8Cellulose Acetate Rayon461

6.9Flow of Cellulose Materials through Various Manufacturing Processes to the Finished Articles462

6.10Rayon463

6.11Per cent of Relative Humidity468

6.12Relative Humidity468

6.13Relative Humidity of 1% Viscose Rayon469

6.14Relative Humidity of 0.4% Viscose Rayon469

6.15U.S.Rayon Production475

6.16Flow Chart for Casein Filaments477

6.17Flow Chart for Soybean Filaments478

6.18Flow Diagram for Nylon Filament481

6.19Tenacity of Several Fibers486

6.20Water Absorption of Certain Fibers486

6.21Elastic Recovery of Selected Fibers486

6.22Manufacturing Processes,Glass Fibers492

6.23Plastic Flow vs.Temperature of Several Thermoplastics493

7.1Outline Flow Diagram for Manufacture of Buna-S505

7.2Flow Diagram for Manufacture of Buna-N506

7.3Flow Diagram for Manufacture of Butyl Rubber508

7.4Flow Diagram for Manufacture of Neoprene509

7.5Flow Diagram for the Manufacture of Thiokol"A"510

7.6Manufacturing Flow Diagram for Koroseal511

9.1Section of Hopper Used for Casting Viscose548

9.2Film Forming Machines549

9.3Schematic Diagram of Cellophane Casting Machine554

10.1Assemblies of Low- and High-Density Plywood601

10.2Variable Density Before and After Pressing602

10.3Continuous Lumber Core Edge-Gluer608

10.4Conventional Hot Platen Plywood Press610

10.5Conventional Plywood Press610

10.6Wood Assemblies Heated Between High Frequency Electrodes611

10.7Methods of Applying Electric Heat to Wood Assemblies611

10.8Continuous Veneer Splicer613

10.9Preparation of Strip for Making Tubes614

10.10Rolling Plywood Tubes615

10.11Post Forming616

10.12Types of Post Forming Molds617

10.13Flow Diagram for the Production of High-Pressure Cloth-Phenolic Lami-nated Sheets623

10.14Design of Punched Holes631

10.15Design of Drilled and Broached Recesses632

10.16Design of Threaded Holes632

10.17Use of Fillets632

10.18Flexible Bag Molding with Inflatable Interior Bag637

10.19Methods of Applying Omni-Directional Pressure638

10.20Process of Forming Clips with Tubular Pressure638

10.21Molded or Formed Shapes or Clips639

10.22Tabular Pressure in Assembly-Gluing639

10.23Use of Bag or Flexible Tube for Flat or Arched Laminates640

10.24End View of Autoclave642

10.25Arrangement of Plies at Start of Forming642

10.26Small Bag-Molding Shop Layout644

10.27Impregnated Paper Honeycomb Core Material646

13.1Flow Sheet for Manufacturing of Finished Plastics Parts699

13.2Manufacture of Phenol-Formaldehyde Molding Compositions700

13.3Manufacturing of Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Casting Resins702

13.4Manufacture of Cast Phenolic Resins703

13.5Manufacture of Soybean Phenolic Molding Powder707

13.6Manufacture of Urea Plastics709

13.7Manufacturing of Melamine Formaldehyde Plastics712

13.8Manufacture of Two Polybasic Acids and Two Polyhydric Alcohols,Most Used in the Production of Alkyd Resins714

13.9Manufacture of Alkyd Resins715

13.10Manufacture of Vinyl Ester Resins717

13.11Manufacturing of Vinyl Chloride-Acetate Copolymers719

13.12Manufacture of a Typical Vinyl Aldehyde Resin Plastic721

13.13One Method of Manufacture of Vinylidene Chloride Plastics722

13.14Orientation Process for Vinylidene Chloride723

13.15Dow Method of Manufacturing Vinylidene Chloride724

13.16Manufacture of Polyvinyl Alcohol Plastics725

13.17Manufacture of Acrylic Resins726

13.18Manufacture of Acrylic Molding Powders728

13.19One Method of Manufacture of Polystyrene729

13.20Polystyrene Flow Sheet,Similar to Dow Method731

13.21Manufacture of Polyethylene732

13.22Manufacture of Coumarone-Indene Resin Used as Binder733

13.23Manufacturing of Cellulose Acetate Plastics735

13.24Manufacture of Cellulose Nitrate for Plastics738

13.25Manufacture of Plastics from Cellulose Nitrate739

13.26Manufacture of Ethyl Cellulose Plastics741

13.27Ethyl Cellulose Flow Sheet742

13.28Manufacture of Lignin Plastics743

13.29Manufacture of Furfural745

13.30Manufacture of Casein Plastics by the Dry Process749

13.31Manufacturing of Nylon753

13.32Production of Zein Plastics754

13.33Manufacture of Cold-Molded Bituminous Plastics757

14.1Views of Banbury Mixers771

14.2Cross Section of Molding Powder Dryer778

14.3Diagram of Loading Tray780

14.4Steam Platen Showing Channeling,Space Bars,Plugs and Bolster Plate793

14.5Temperature Control of Platens794

14.6Mold Perspective Showing Water Connections795

14.7Bench Fastened to Press Provides Space for Preforms798

14.8Standard Semi-Automatic Molding Press798

14.9100 to 150-ton Molding Press800

14.10Section and Elevation of an Automatic Injection Press802

14.11Outline Assembly of Injection Molding Machine803

14.12Diagram of Typical Hydraulic Circuit for an Injection Molding Machine804

14.13Diagram of Typical Hydraulic Circuits for Simple Hydraulic Clamp or Press Installation807

14.14One In.Four-Way Hydraulic Control Valve,Lever Operated809

14.15Schematic Flow Diagrams Showing Automatic Volume Control for Vickers Double Pump and Combination Valve Unit810

14.16"Hy-Speed" Plunger Molding Press816

14.17Turbojector817

14.18The H-P-M Hydraulic Operating System818

14.19Pump and Piping in Press Operation819

14.20Closure Presses820

14.21Layout of Small Extrusion Plant820

14.22Equipment for Extruding Tenite Sheeting821

15.1Piping and Valve Arrangement for Up-Stroke Press840

15.2Location of Two-Way Valve on Down-Stroke Press841

15.3Angle Press842

15.4Good and Bad Design of Semi-Positive Mold843

15.5Automatic Press844

15.6Section View Illustrating General Method of Injection Molding845

15.7Jet Molding Nozzle Principle850

15.8Injection Molding Machine.Correct Design852

15.9Injection Molding Machine.Incorrect Design853

15.10One Ram Transfer Mold854

15.11Plunger Transfer Mold855

15.12Side Ram Transfer Mold856

15.13Schematic Transfer Mold856

15.14Good and Bad Design of Electrodes859

15.15Size of Electrodes860

15.16Preheating Time Curves862

15.17Temperature Rise Related to Moisture Content863

15.18Comparison Cup Closing Time for Heatronic and Standard Molding Methods866

15.19Relationship of Specimen Thickness(Small) and Minimum Curing Time867

15.20Operation Sequence Chart868

15.21Long Core Sequence Chart869

15.22Equipment Cost872

15.23Operating Cost873

15.24Design of Molds for Sheet Forming877

15.25Compressible Diaphragm878

15.26Pressure Blowing of Plastic Sheet Stock879

15.27Split Pressure Blow Mold for Blowing Tubes880

15.28Blow Molding on Modified Injection Molding Machine881

15.29A Press with a Two-Cavity Mold882

15.30Radiation Heating of Woodfilled Phenolic Preforms884

15.31Layout of Equipment for Resin Insulating888

15.32Schematic Cross Section Through an Extrusion Machine890

15.33TyPe of Extrusion Machine Used for Extruding Acetate Tubing891

15.34 15.35 15.36 15.37Some Typical Extruded Sections for Use in Connection with Wallboard892

15.38Some Typical Extruded Sections for Use in Connection with Wallboard892

15.39Interlox Tee Section892

15.40Successive Steps in Applying Interlox on Table Edging892

15.41Typical Extruded Plastic Sections Which Are Now Available in Almost Any Thermoplastic Material894

15.42Dryer for Drying Thermoplastics before Extruding895

15.43Extruded Forms for Architectural Uses897

15.44Standard Gate904

15.45Fan Gate905

15.46Ring Gate906

15.47Disk Gate906

15.48Air-Cooling Small Core Pin909

15.49Organ-Stop Mold910

15.50Battery-Seal Mold911

15.51Oil-Cup Mold912

15.52Spectacle-Case Mold913

15.53a,b,c,d,-Operating Diagram for Pencil-Barrel Mold914

15.53Pencil-Barrel Mold915

15.54Cigarette-Holder Mouthpiece Mold916

15.55aBowl-Base Mold917

15.55bInkwell Mold917

15.56Vertical Pressure Diagram;Hemi-Spherical926

15.57Pressure Applied by Canvass Bands926

15.58Pressure Applied by Vacuum Bag927

15.59Pressure Applied by Flexible Tubes927

15.60Flexible Bag Outside Molded Shape928

15.61Flexible Membrane or Bag Surrounds Shape928

15.62Flexible Bag Inside Molded Shape929

15.63Fluid Pressure and Flexible Heating Element929

16.1Shoe Pegs938

16.2Design of Drills for Plastics951

16.3aDesign of Drills for Deep Holes951

16.3bDesign of Drills for Small Holes951

16.4Typical Mountings for Transparent Plastic Sheets966

17.1Positive Mold969

17.2"Landed" Positive Mold969

17.3Simple Flash Mold969

17.4Semi-Positive Mold969

17.5Semi-Positive Type Mold with Horizontal Flash970

17.6Semi-Positive Type Mold with Vertical Flash971

17.7Full Flash Type Mold971

17.8True Semi-Positive Mold Vertical Flash Appears at Cutoff972

17.9Flash Type Mold973

17.10Location of Guide Pins in Semi-Positive Mold973

17.11Positive Type Mold with Stop Blocks and Sprue Grooves974

17.12Proper Method of Steam Plate Heating975

17.13Improper Method of Steam Plate Heating975

17.14Proper Steam Channeling975

17.15Improper Steam Channeling975

17.16Schematic Diagram Showing Hobbing Press with the Blank and Necessary Accessories in Position for Sinking977

17.17Flow of Metal during Hobbing979

17.18Maximum Hardness vs.Carbon Content982

17.19Tensile Strength,Brinell Hardness and Ductility of Hot Rolled Plain Car-bon S.A.E.Steels as Received991

17.20Depth of Case vs.Carburizing Time in Furnace for S.A.E.1020 Steel992

17.21Percent Carbon vs.Depth Beneath Surface for S.A.E.3112 Steel Car-burized for 16 Hr.at 1700° F993

17.22Toughness vs.Drawing Temperature for a 1.05% Carbon Tool Steel994

17.23Mold for Producing Clipper Housing998

17.24Yoke or Mounting Plate for Four-Cavity Top and Bottom Halves of Clipper Housing999

17.25Mold for Producing Clipper Housing1000

17.26Two-Cavity Hand Mold for Producing a Handle1001

17.27Four-Cavity Injection Mold for Producing a Bushing1002

18.1Conversion of Vinyl Acetylene into Chloroprene1012

18.2Formation of Butadiene1014

18.3Furfural1017

18.4Cellulose Sugar1017

18.5Cellulose Nitrate Unit1018

18.6Cellulose Acetate Unit1018

18.7Ethyl Cellulose1019

18.8Benzyl Cellulose Unit1019

18.9Preparation of Cellulose Xanthate and Ethyl Cellulose1020

18.10Suggested Reaction in Production of Casein Plastics1021

18.11Formaldehyde and Casein1022

18.12Shellac1023

18.13Lignin1023

18.14Vinyl Compounds1027

18.15Formation of Orthohydroxybenzyl Alcohol1034

18.16Formation of Phenol Dialcohol1034

18.17Polymerizing Unit1036

18.18Steps in Phenol Formaldehyde Polymer Formation1036

18.19Formation of Monomethylol Urea and Dimethylol Urea1037

18.20Formation of Methylene Urea1038

18.21One Molecular Structure of Ureas1038

18.22Anhydroformaldehydeaniline1039

18.23Anhydroformaldehyde Polymerizing Unit1040

18.24Phthalic Anhydride1040

18.25Alkyd Resin Structure1041

18.26Polyvinyl Chloride1042

18.27Polyvinyl Acetate1042

18.28Copolymer of Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Acetate1042

18.29Nylon Structure1043

18.30Polyvinyl Alcohol1043

18.31Dehydration of Polyvinyl Alcohol1043

18.32Polyvinylidene Chloride1045

18.33Vinylidene Chloride Polymerized with Vinyl Chloride1045

18.34Polymerized Acrylic and Methacrylic Acids1046

18.35Methyl Methacrylate1046

18.36Ethyl Acrylate1047

18.37Polystyrene1047

18.38Divinyl Benzene1048

18.39Polystyrene1048

18.40Polystyrene End Valences1048

18.41Modified Form1048

18.42Coumarone-Indene1049

18.43Coumarone-Indene Resin1049

18.44Preparation of Polyamides1051

18.45Reaction of a Diamine with Free Hydrogen Atoms1051

18.46The Nylon Reaction1052

18.47Reaction Used by Germans for Polyurethanes1053

18.48Structure of Koresin1053

19.1Viscosity Pipette1096

20.1Methods of Recessing Plywood Backs1118

20.2Plastics Parts on an Automobile1128

20.3Plastics Parts of an Airplane1131

20.4Comparative Brightness:500-Watt,18-In.,Semi-Direct Plastics Diffusers1142

20.5Plastics on an Electric Refrigerator1143

20.6Beading on Rigid Transparent Containers1144

20.7Chemical Cost of Deionizatiou1154

20.8The Dorreo D.I.System1155

21.1Wall Thickness Design1176

21.2Cross-Section Design1177

21.3Correct or Incorrect Wall Design1178

21.4Bottle and Jar Cap Wall Section1178

21.5Correct Sidewall Taper1178

21.6Embedded Metal Inserts1179

21.7Supporting Long Inserts in Mold1180

21.8Extrusion or Transfer Molding Process1180

21.9Sufficient Wall Thickness Around Inserts Prevents Cracking1181

21.10Air Gaps at Point of Flashing or Arcing on Electrical Parts1181

21.11Rathbun Spring Hinge1183

21.12Pin Hinge1183

21.13Piano Hinge1183

21.14Standard Bottle or Jar Cap Thread with Round Profile1183

21.15Correct and Incorrect Design for Threads1184

21.16Design of Tapped Holes1184

21.17Radii or Fillets Overcome Structural Weaknesses in Sharp Corners1185

21.18Design for Hexagonal Handles1185

21.19Bas-Relief Lettering or Engraving1186

21.20Speed-Nut and Speed-Clip Fastenings1188

21.21Inserting Cold-Set Plastics Inlay in Molded Part1188

21.22Primary and Secondary Colors1190

21.23Location and Design of Various Inserts1191

21.24Use of Knurled and Upset Inserts1192

21.25Typical Tapped Inserts1192

21.26Inserts in Through Holes1193

21.27Various Types of Inserts in Electrical Work1193

21.28Design for Threaded Inserts1194

21.29Design of Threaded Parts1194

21.30Design of Recesses1194

21.31Location of Core Pins1195

21.32Design of Hinges1195

21.33Design of Molded Knobs1196

21.34Use of Uniform Sections1196

21.35Good and Bad Design for Lugs1196

21.36Location of Inserts1196

21.37Proper Location of Holes1196

21.38Use of Shrink Fits1197

21.39Design for a Handle Made of Two Molded Halves1197

21.40Use of Beads to Cover Parting Lines1197

21.41Use of Bosses in Design1197

22.1Importance of Saving Seconds in Molding Cycle Time1205

22.2Set-Up Showing Mold for Automatic Production of Threaded Caps1206

22.3Mechanical Type of Brake1210

22.4Outline of Activities for a Typical Safety and Fire Prevention Department1211

24.1Burden Statement1237

24.2Cost Record Sheet1240

24.3Monthly Plastic Cost Record1241

24.4Cost Estimate Sheet for Plastics1242

24.5Plastic Cost Record1244

24.6Comparatiye Profit Loss Statement for Hardware1245

24.7Typical Manufacturing Specifications1248

App.1Conversion Table:Specific Gravity to Grams per Cubic Inch1320

App.2Chart for Determining Weight from Volume1320

Melting and Flash Points for Some Chemicals1327

App.4Hydraulic Pressure Relations1330

Glos.1Compression Molding1416

Glos.2Hob Sinking1422