《Table 1.Parameters of the Beam (PIC Simulations)》

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《Long-distance characterization of high-quality laser-wakefield-accelerated electron beams》

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In addition to the emittance，other parameters have also changed along the drift.Table 1 compares the detailed simulated beam parameters from PIC codes that are close to our experimental conditions at two different positions.The first position is the LWFA exit，and the second position is 1 m downstream，which is the entrance of the beamline in our experiment.We only consider the x transverse coordinate，because the beam is assumed to feature cylindrical geometry.From Table 1，it is indicated that the e beam at the LWFA exit has an ultralow normalized emittance of 0.14 mm·mrad with a beam transverse size of 0.7μm and a beam length of 1.8μm.Whereas at the beamline entrance，the emittance is increased by ten times with the increasing size of 284μm，and the beam length is also stretched to 2.26μm.In addition，transverse phasespace rotation of the electrons[5，13]in vacuum will also result in the different phase-space beam distributions between two positions.All of the above have explained that the beam information at the LWFA exit is not supposed to be applied to the beamline entrance anymore[15，16]in order to avoid the mismatch if there are a few distances between two positions.Here，we initialize the particle parameters by using the results of simulation at 1 m downstream as the entrance of beam optics transport.