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Chapter 1 PRESENT TIME1

Appendix 1 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS1

1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE3

1-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THEPRESENT PROGRESSIVE3

Appendix 2 PHRASALVERBS4

Appendix 3 GUIDE FOR CORRECTING WRITING ERRORS6

1-3 SPELLING:FINAL -S vs.ES8

Appendix 4 BASIC VOCABULARY LIST8

1-4 NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS9

1-5 SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:SHORT ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS12

Appendix 5 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMERICAN ENGLISH AND BRITISH ENGLISH15

INDEX17

2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME:THE SIMPLE PAST18

Chapter 2 PASTTIME18

2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST19

2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB21

2-4 IRREGULAR VERBS:A REFERENCE LIST22

2-5 SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS29

2-6 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE32

2-7 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE32

2-8 EXPRESSING PAST TIME:USING TIME CLAUSES37

2-9 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT:USED TO42

2-10 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME:IN,AT,AND ON45

3-1 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME:BE GOING TO AND WILL47

Chapter 3 FUTURE TIME47

3-2 FORMS WITH WILL49

3-3 USING PROBABLY WITH WILL50

3-4 BE GOING TO vs.WILL51

3-5 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME IN TIME CLAUSES AND IF-CLAUSES53

3-6 PARALLEL VERBS58

3-7 USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME61

3-8 USIN？ THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME63

3-9 PRESENT PLANS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES:USING INTEND,PLAN,HOPE64

3-10 IMMEDIATE FUTURE:USING BEABOUT TO65

Chapter 4 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS67

4-1 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS68

4-2 SUBJECTS,VERBS,AND OBJECTS70

4-3 OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS71

4-4 USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS72

4-5 USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES73

4-6 PERSONAL PRONOUNS:SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS76

4-7 POSSESSIVE NOUNS77

4-8 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES79

4-9 A FRIEND OF POSSESSIVE80

4-10 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS81

4-11 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER:ANOTHER vs.THE OTHER84

4-12 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER:OTHER(S) vs.THEOTHER(S)86

4-13 SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER88

4-14 CAPITALIZATION91

5-1 THE FORMOF MODAL AUXILIARIES94

Chapter 5 MODAL AUXIUARIES94

5-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY:CAN AND COULD95

5-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY:MAYAND MIGHT EXPRESSING PERMISSION:MAY AND CAN98

5-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY100

5-5 ASKING FOR PERMISSION:MAY I,COULD I,CAN I100

5-6 ASKING FOR ASSISTANCE:WOULD YOU,COULD YOU,WILL YOU,CAN YOU102

5-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE:SHOULD,OUGHT TO,HAD BETTER105

5-8 EXPRESSING NECESSITY:HAVE TO,HAVE GOT TO,MUST108

5-9 EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY:DO NOTHAVE TO EXPRESSING PROHIBITION:MUST NOT109

5-10 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS:MUST112

5-11 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS:IMPERATIVE SENTENCES114

5-12 MAKING SUGGESTIONS:LET'S AND WHYDON'T116

5-13 STATING PREFERENCES:PREFER,LIKE BETTER,WOULD RATHER119

Chapter 6 ASKING QUESTIONS124

6-1 YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS124

6-2 YES/NO QUESTIONS AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS128

6-3 USING WHO,WHO(M),AND WHAT132

6-4 USING WHAT A FORM OF DO135

6-5 USING WHAT KIND OF137

6-6 USING WHICH139

6-7 USING WHOSE141

6-8 USING HOW144

6-9 USING HOW OFTEN8145

6-10 USING HOW FAR146

6-11 EXPRESSING LENGTH OF TIME:ITTAKE147

6-12 USING HOWLONG148

6-13 MORE QUESTIONS WITH HOW152

6-14 USING HOWABOUT AND WHATABOUT154

6-15 TAG QUESTIONS156

Chapter 7 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT160

7-1 THE PAST PARTICIPLE160

7-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT161

7-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT162

7-4 USING THE SIMPLE PAST vs.THE PRESENT PERFECT164

7-5 USING SINCE AND POR171

7-6 THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE176

7-7 THE PRESENT PERFECT vs.THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE177

7-8 MIDSENTENCE ADVERBS181

7-9 USING ALREADY,YET,STILL,AND ANYMORE184

7-10 USING THE PAST PERFECT189

Chapter 8 COUNT/NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES193

8-1 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS193

8-2 NONCOUNT NOUNS194

8-3 MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS198

8-4 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT202

8-5 USING UNITS OF MEASURE WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS204

8-6 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE206

8-7 USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY AS PRONOUNS216

8-8 NONSPECIFIC OBJECT PRONOUNS:SOME,ANY,AND ONE217

Chapter 9 CONNECTING IDEAS221

9-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND222

9-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR224

9-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO226

9-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND228

9-5 USING ANDTOO,SO,EITHER,NEITHER230

9-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE234

9-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH/ALTHOUGH237

9-8 PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE)241

9-9 PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPARABLE)243

Chapter 1O GERUNDSAND INFINITIVES246

10-1 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES:INTRODUCTION246

10-2 VERBGERUND247

10-3 GO-ING250

10-4 VERBINFINITIVE251

10-5 VERBGERUND OR INFINITIVE253

10-6 UNCOMPLETED INFINITIVES259

10-7 PREPOSITIONGERUND260

10-8 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE262

10-9 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS:USING ITINFINITIVE264

10-10 ITINFINITIVE:USING FOR (SOMEONE)266

10-11 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE:USING IN ORDER TO267

10-12 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH270

10-13 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE)273

11-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES276

Chapter 11 PASSIVE SENTENCES276

11-2 TENSE FORMS OF PASSIVE VERBS277

11-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS282

11-4 USING THE "BY-PHRASE"283

11-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE288

11-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES289

11-7 SUMMARY:PASSIVE VERB FORMS290

11-8 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES(STATIVE PASSIVE)294

11-9 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES-ED vs.-ING298

11-10 GETADJECTIVE;GETPAST PARTICIPLE301

11-11 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO305

11-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO307

Chapter 12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES309

12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES:INTRODUCTION309

12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES310

12-3 USING WHO,WHOM,AND THATIN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES312

12-4 USING WHICH AND THATIN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES313

12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES315

12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES316

12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES318

12-8 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE)323

12-9 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPARABLE)325

Chapter 13 COMPARISONS327

13-1 MAKING COMPARISONS WITHAS AS328

13-2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE331

13-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS332

13-4 USING COMPARATIVES334

13-5 USING MORE WITH NOUNS336

13-6 REPEATING A COMPARATIVE337

13-7 USING DOUBLE COMPARATIVES338

13-8 USING SUPERLATIVES339

13-9 USING THE SAME,SIMILAR,DIFFERENT,LIKE,ALIKE342

Chapter 14 NOUN CLAUSES346

14-1 NOUN CLAUSES:INTRODUCTION346

14-2 NOUN CLAUSES THAT BEGIN WITH A QUESTION WORD347

14-3 NOUN CLAUSES WITH WHO,WHAT,WHOSEBE348

14-4 NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH IF OR WHETHER352

14-5 NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH THAT357

14-6 SUBSTITUTING SO FOR A"THAT-CLAUSE"IN CONVERSATIONAL RESPONSES359

14-7 OTHER USES OF"THAT-CLAUSES"361

Chapter 15 QUOTED SPEECH AND REPORTED SPEECH364

15-1 QUOTED SPEECH364

15-2 QUOTED SPEECH vs.REPORTED SPEECH366

15-3 VERB FORM USAGE IN REPORTED SPEECH:FORMAL SEQUENCE OF TENSES367

15-4 USING SAY vs.TELL368

15-5 USING ASK IF369

15-6 USING VERB INFINITIVE TO REPORT SPEECH375

15-7 SOME TROUBLESOME VERBS:ADVISE,SUGGEST,AND RECOMMEND378

16-1 EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT/FUTURE381

Chapter 16 USING WISH:USING IF381

16-2 EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT THE PAST384

16-3 USING IF:CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE389

16-4 USING IF:TRUE vs.CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE392

16-5 USING IF:CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PAST394

16-6 SUMMARY:VERB FORMS IN SENTENCES WITH IF(CONDITIONAL SENTENCES)395