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CHAPTER 1Introduction1

Introduction1

The Present Telecommunications Infrastructure1

Present Technologies for Voice,Video,and DataNetworks2

Present and Future Requirements5

Downsizing and Outsourcing6

Present Systems6

Costs of Leased Lines8

Virtual Companies and Virtual Networks9

Fast Relay Networks and ATM12

Development of ATM14

Applications use of ATM14

Fast Relay Networks and SONET16

Broadband ISDN19

Summary21

CHAPTER 2The Nature of Analog and Digital Systems22

Introduction22

Analog Systems22

Cycles,Frequency,and Period23

Bandwidth24

Broadband and Baseband Signals26

Other Definitions of Broadband27

Channel(Link)Capacity27

Noiseless Channels and Harry Nyquest28

Noisy Channels29

The Signal-to-Noise Ratio30

The Analog-to-Digital Conversion Process30

Sampling,Quantizing,and Encoding31

Other Coding Schemes34

Plesiochronous Networks35

Timing and Synchronization in Digital Networks35

The Synchronous Clock Hierarchv36

Clarification ofTerms37

Timing Variations37

Slips—Controlled and Uncontrolled38

Bit or Clock Slips39

Summary39

CHAPTER 3Layered Protocols,the Architecturefor ATM and SONET Networks40

Introduction40

Protocols and the OSI Model40

OSI Layer Operations42

Concept of a Service Provider43

ATM andtheModel48

Protocol Entities48

Service Access Points(SAPs)49

ATM and OSI Layers49

The Internet Protocols(TCP/IP)51

The Internet Layers52

IP Functions54

TCP Operations56

Summary58

The OSI Network and Transport Layer58

CHAPTER 4Emerged Technologies59

Introduction59

Comparison of Switching Systems59

The T1/E1 Systems61

Purpose ofT1 and E161

Typical Topology62

T1 and E1 Layers63

T1/E1 PDUs63

X.2565

Purpose of X.2565

Conclusions on T1/E165

Typical Topology66

X.25 Layers67

X.25PDUs68

Other Noteworthy Aspects of X.2569

Conclusions on X.2570

Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN)71

Purpose of ISDN71

Typical Topology71

ISDNPDUs74

ISDN Layers74

Conclusions on ISDN79

Signaling System Number 7(SS7)80

Purpose of SS780

Typical Topology80

SS7 Layers81

SS7PDUs84

Conclusions on SS785

ATM and SONET:Reduction or Enhancementof Functions in Networks86

Summary86

Introduction87

ISDN and B-ISDN87

CHAPTER 5The Broadband Integrated ServicesDigital Network(B-ISDN)Model87

B-ISDN Configurations88

ATM and the B-ISDN Model89

Examples of the Operations between Layersin the B-ISDN Planes91

B-ISDN Functions93

B-ISDN Service Aspects95

Summary97

CHAPTER 6Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ArM)Basics98

Introduction98

The Purpose of ATM98

An ATM Topology99

Pertinent Standards99

The VPI and VCI Labels103

ATMLayers105

ATM Layers and OSI Layers106

Relationship of AAL,ATM,and theNetwork108

Relationship of Layers to the OSI LayeredArchitecture110

Where to Find Service Definitionsand Primitives111

Typical Protocol Stacks111

ATM PDUs(CELLs)113

Use of Two Identifiers114

Metasignaling Cells and OtherCells115

RationalefortheCell Size116

Network Transparency Operations119

Errors and Error Rates119

Error Correction and Detection122

Probability of Discarding Cells124

Overhead of the Cell Approach125

Transmission Delay126

ATMLabels128

MultiplexingⅥCs and VPIs130

Cell Relay Bearer Service(CRBS)130

Point-to-Multipoint and Multipoint-to-Multiooint Services132

ATM Interfaces133

Principal Specifications for ATM134

Summary135

CHAPTER 7The ATM Adaptation Layer(AAL)137

Introduction137

Principal Tasks of the AAL137

The AAL Sublayers139

Creating and Processing the AALPDU139

Classes ofTraffic141

Dividing CS into Further Sublayers143

Rationale for AAL Types143

AAL Naming Conventions144

AALType 1(AAL 1)144

The AAL 1 PDU145

AAL 1 Modes of Operation147

Synchronization and Clock Recovery148

RunningAAL 1 Trafficon a T1 Link148

AALType 2(AAL 2)149

TheAAL 2PDU150

Voice Packetization152

Grouping Samples into Blocks153

The Voice Packet156

Packet Buildout at the Receiver158

AALTypes 3,4,3/4,and 5(AAL 3,AAL4,AAL 3/4,andAAL 5)forData161

Pre-ATM Approach to Traffic IntegrityManagement161

ATM Approach to Traffice IntegrityManagement164

The Original AAL Type 3 and Type 4(AAL 3,AAL4)166

AAL3/4167

Naming Conventions for AAL 3/4167

TheAAL3/4PDU167

AAL 3/4 Headers and Trailers167

AAL 3/4 Sequencing and IdentificationOperations170

A Complete SAR-PDU and CPCS-PDUExample171

Functional Model for AAL 3/4173

AALType 5(AAL 5)175

Structure of AAL 5176

TheAAL 5PDU176

A New Type—Available Bit Rate(ABR)177

The A AL/ATM Primitives177

Summary180

Introduction181

ATM Switching181

CHAPTER 8ATM Switching Operations181

Routing with the Cell Header182

Space and Time Switching185

Digital Cross Connects186

The Switching Fabric186

Multiplexing and Label Mapping189

Switching Technologies191

Shared Memory Switch192

Shared Bus Switch192

Crossbar Switch193

Multistage Switching194

Banyan and Delta Switching Networks195

Example of an ATM Switch200

Summary202

CHAPTER 9Traffic Management203

Introduction203

Traffic Management in an ATM Network203

The Natural Bit Rate204

Traffic Control and Congestion Control206

Functions to Achieve Traffic Control andCongestion Control206

Allocation of Bandwidth206

Computing the Parameters for QueueServicing210

Dealing with Variable Delay211

Connection Admission Control(CAC)Procedures212

Usage Parameter Control(UPC)214

Performance Parameters at the UNI215

ITU-T Recommendation I.35B215

Traffic Management at the UNI—BasicConcepts215

Eckberg Scheme215

Multiplexing Traffic into the Cells218

Token Pools and Leaky Buckets218

ATM Bearer Service Attributes at the UNI222

Allocating Resources222

Traffic Control and Congestion Control223

Cell Arrival Rate and Cell Interval224

ATM Cell Transfer Performance Parameters226

ATM Layer Provisions for Quality of Service(QOS)227

ATM Forum and ITU-T Traffic Control andCongestion Control228

Generic Cell Rate Algorithm(GCRA)229

The Peak Cell Rate Reference Model230

Cell Delay Variation(CDV)Tolerance233

Examples ofABR Operations235

ManagingLANTrafficwiththe AvailableBitRate(ABR)235

Types of Feedback238

Buildout Delay Proeedures at the ReceivingEndpoint240

Summary240

CHAPTER 10Call and Connection Control241

Introduction241

ATM Connections on Demand241

The ATM Address244

Address Registration247

The Connection Control Messages248

Connection Setups and Clears248

Q.2931 Timers and States250

Connection Control Examples251

Connection Setup252

Connection Release254

Restart Procedure255

Status Inquiry256

AddParty256

Drop Party259

Signaling AAL Reset and Failure259

Messages for Restart Operations260

Messages for Adding and DroppingParties260

Messages for Call Control260

Functions of Q.2931 Messages and InformationElements260

Descriptions of the InformationElements262

Examples of Q.2931 Messages269

Coding Conventions269

AAL Parameters270

User Traffic Descriptors274

Summary275

Introduction276

The ATM Network as the Backbone for OtherNetworks276

CHAPTER 11Internetworking with ATM Networks276

Using Q.2931 to Support Protocol Capability(Tunneling)277

Broadband Low-Layer InformationElement280

The Network-to-Network Interface283

The ATM B-ISDN Inter Carrier Interface(B-ICI)284

Physical Layer Requirements at the B-ICI287

Traffic Management at the B-ICI287

Reference Traffic Loads287

B-ICI Layer Management Operations288

PVC Cell Relay Service(CRS)289

Specific Internetworking Services289

PVC Circuit Emulation Service(CES)290

PVC Frame Relay Service(FRS)290

SMDS Service295

ATM Backbones for LAN8297

ATM LAN Emulation299

ArM Edge Routers301

ATM Virtual Routers301

RFC 1483 and RFC 1577302

The ATM Data Exchange Interface(DXI)303

DXI Modes303

DXI Support for Frame Relay308

Summary310

CHAPTER 12Synchronous Optical Network(SONET)311

Introduction311

Purpose of SONET311

Present Transport Systems and SONET313

Foundations for SONET313

Synchronous Networks315

Optical Fiber—The Bedrock for SONET316

Pertinent Standards317

Typical SONET Topology319

SONET Configuration321

SONET Layers323

Automatic Protection Switching(APS)324

Payloads and Envelopes326

Envelopes326

Mapping ATM Cells into the SONETEnvelope329

Payload Pointers330

Mapping and Multiplexing Operations331

The Control Headers and Fields334

SONET Equipment335

Summary342

Progress in SONET Penetration342

CHAPTER 13Signaling:Operations,Administration,and Maintenance(OAM)343

The Network Management Model343

Operation and Maintenance(OAM)Operations344

ATM Functions at the U-and M-Planes347

U-Plane Operations347

M-Plane Operations349

End-to-End and Segment Flows350

Maintenance and Alarm Surveillance353

Failure States353

The SONET OAM Functions353

Alarm Indication Signals(AIS),FERF,and Yellow Signals354

Examples of Remedial Actions upon Enteringa Failure State355

The OAM Headers356

Section Overhead357

Line Overhead358

STS Path Overhead(STS POH)358

ATM Use of the OAM Octets360

Using Payload Pointers for TroubleshootingTiming Problems361

OAM at the ATM Layer362

Fault Management362

Performance Management364

Activation/Deactivation367

The ATM Management Information Bases(MIBs)368

The Interim Local Management Interface(ILMI)369

The ILMI MIB Groups370

ATM MIB(RFC 1695)372

The ATM MIB Groups372

The ILMI MIB and the ATM MIB377

The Layer Management/ATM Primitives379

Types of Signaling379

Status of Common Channel SignalingStandards379

Summary380

Physical Layer Options for ATM381

CHAPTER 14Physical Layer Services for ATM381

Introduction381

The ATM/Physical Layer Primitives382

ATM Mapping into SONET STS-3c383

ATM Mapping into DS3385

Other Aspects of the DS3 Scheme387

ATM Mapping into the 100 Mbit/s Multimode FiberInterface387

Functions of the U-Plane Physical Layer387

Private UNI for 51.84 Mbit/s and Subrates390

Shielded Twisted Pair Interface390

Multimode Fiber Interface390

ATM Mapping into the 155.52 Mbit/s PrivateUNI390

Mapping DS1,DS3,and CEPT Payloads into SONETFrames392

The VT/VC Structure393

Floating and Locked VT Mode396

Interworking ATM and SONET397

Summary398

CHAPTER 15The ATM Market400

Introduction400

Forecasts on the Use of ATM400

ATM Over T1/E1402

Trials and Test Beds403

ATM Vendors405

DEC and IBM ATM Efforts409

ATM Progress in Europe410

United Kingdom410

Examples of other Countries ATM Efforts412

Some Final Thoughts412

References414

Abbreviations418

Index420