《叶肢介化石》求取 ⇩

一、绪言1

二、叶肢介的构造7

（一）软体构造7

（二）壳瓣特征10

1．成分和结构10

2．定向11

3．形状和大小11

5．壳腺12

4．初壳（或胎壳）12

6．生长线和生长带13

7．装饰或纹饰17

8．放射脊和其它构造22

9．二态现象23

10．受伤与修补25

11．叶肢介化石与瓣鳃类化石的区别26

三、叶肢介的个体发育27

四、叶肢介的生态和古生态31

五、叶肢介的分布35

六、叶肢介化石的采集及处理38

七、叶肢介的系统分类40

（一）现生介甲类的分类40

（二）叶肢介化石的分类47

1．分类原则48

2．分类系统50

Paleolynceus Tasch,1956（＝Lynceoides Kobayashi,1973）59

Family Paleolynccidae Tasch,195659

Superfamily Paleolyneeioidea Tasch,195659

Suborder Laevicaudata Linder,194559

Order Conchostraca Sars,186759

八、叶肢介的属征记述59

Suborder Estheritiina Kobayashi,197360

Superfamily Lioestheriacea Raymond,1946,emend Holub et Kozur,198160

Family Palacolimnadiidae Tasch,195660

Palaeolimnadia Raymond,1946（＝Kontikia Novojilov,1958;Grandilimnadia Tasch,1979）60

Pseudolimnadia Novojilov,1954（＝Trigolimnadia Novo-jilov,1954;Leptolimnadia Novojilov,1954）61

Dictyolimnadia Shen,197662

Echinolimnadia Novojilov,196563

Bulbilimnadia Shen,197663

Jibeilimnadia Wang,198164

Asmussiella Novojilov,195565

Limnestheria Wright,192065

Cyclotuguzites Novojilov,1958（＝Ragozinia Novojilov,1958）66

Wetlugites Novojilov,195867

Bilimnadia Novojilov,196068

Vileginia Novojilov,1958（＝Diaphora Novojilov,1946;non Diaphora Stephens,1828,Macquart 1834,L？w1878）68

Notocrypta Novojilov,195469

Tigjanium Novojilov,195869

Sedovia Novojilov,195869

Palaeoestheria Barnard,192970

Liolimnadia Wang,198071

Family Palaeolimnadiopseidae Defretin,196571

Subfamily Palaeolimnadiopseinae Defretin,196571

Palaeolimnadiopsis Raymond,194671

Rossolimnadiopsis Novojilov,195872

Koreolimnadiopsis Ozaki,197073

Beigolimnadiopsis Novojilov,195873

Estheridium Novojilov,195874

Macrolimnadiopsis Beurlen,195474

Sajania Novojilov,195875

Mesolimuadiopsis Zhang et Chen,197676

Asiolimnadiopsis Liu,1982（＝Guangdong limnadiopsis Liu,1982;Biglimnadiopsis Liu,1982）76

Neimongolimnadiopsis Liu,198277

Eosolimnadiopsis Chen,1976（＝Fuxianlimnadiopsis Liu,1982）77

Anomalonema Raymond,1946（＝Pierrepruvostia Npvojilov,1958）78

Subfamily Anomalonematinac.Novojilov,195878

Sinolimnadiopsis Wang,198078

Family Sinoestherüdae Chen et Shen,198280

Sinoesitheria Chang,195780

Ganesiheria Bi et Xie,198281

Sentestheria Wang,198181

Stanleyviella Chen et Shen（gen.nov.）81

Family Ipsilomiidae Novojilov,195882

Ipsilonia Novojilov,195382

Keratestheria Chernyshev,194883

Qingxiestheria Xi,198184

Aculestheria Casdos？,196384

Family Lioestherüdae Raymon,1946,emend Holub et Kozur,198185

Subfamily Vertexiinae Kobayashi,195485

Veriexia Lutkevich,194185

Cornia Lutkevich,1937（＝Cechrositum Novojilov,1970）85

Antisirephorhynchus Novojilov,197086

Echinesiherie Marliere,195086

Echinopalma Casdosa,196887

Gabonetthtria Novojilov,195887

Bipemphigus Novojilov,196588

Tripemphigus Novojilov,196589

Pemphicyclus Raymond,1946（＝Monopemphigus Novoji-lov,1965）89

Megusitum Novojilov,197090

Trisitam Novojilov,197090

Pemphilimnadiopsis Tasch,196191

Huanghestheria Wang,198092

Lioesiheria Depetet et Mazetan,1912 emend Kozur,Martens et Pacaud,198192

Protomonocarina Tasch,196293

Xiangxiella Shen,197693

Sttbfamity Xiangxiellinae Shen,197693

Curvacornutus Tasch,196194

Family Molinestheriidae Kozur,198095

Molinestheria seideli Kozur,198095

Family Perilimnadiidae Chang et Chen,197595

Perilimnadia Chen,197595

Yunmenglimnadia Chen,197595

Mesolimnadia Chen,197596

Eolimnadia Chen,197596

Falsisca Novojilov,197097

GansulimnadiaShen et Chen,198298

Superfamily Eosestherioidea zhang et Chen,197698

Family Ultgkemiidae Novojilov,195898

Ulugkemiu（s.str.）Novojilov,195598

Tjulbaria Novojilov et Varentsov,195698

Eiegestia Novojilov et Varentsov,195699

Vjatkium Novojilov,195999

Dneprium Novojilov,196199

Glyptoasmussia Novojilov et Varentsov,1956100

Famly Euestheriidae Defretin,1965100

Euestheria Deperet et Mazeran,1912（＝Tirlingin Duan,1982）100

Loxomicroglypta Novojilov et Varentsov,1956101

Indoestheria Novojilov,1954101

Estheriina Jones,1897102

Polygrapta Novojilov,1946102

Tenuestheria Chen et Shen,1977103

Family Loxomegaglyptidae Novejilov,1958103

Loxomegaglypta Novojilov,1958（＝Beipiaoestheria W.Wang,1980）103

Paleoleptestheria Novojilov,1954104

Tshtuvashium Novojilov,1953104

Diaplexa Novojilov,1946105

Paraleptestheria Chen,1976106

Anyuanestheria Zhang et Chen,1976106

Shipingia Shen,1976107

Pseudestherites Chen,1976107

Nestoria Krasinetz,1962（＝Ambonella Wang,1981）108

Pseudograpta Novojilov,1954（emend）（＝Diplograpta W.Wang,1980）109

Orthothemos Raymond,1946110

Family Orthothemosiidae Defretin,1965110

Defretinia Novojilov,1958110

Palaeorihothemos Novojilov,1958111

Sphaerorthothemos Novojilov,1960111

Family,Aquilonoglyptidae Novojilov,1958112

Aquilonoglypta Novojilov,1958112

Family Eosestheriidae Zhang et Chen,1976（＝Asioestheriidae W.Wang,1976;Diformograptiidae W.Wang,1976）113

Eosestheria Chen,1976（＝Liaoningesiheria Chen,1976;Asioestheria W.Wang,1976;Amelestheria W.Wang,1976;Diformograpta W.Wang,1976;Dongbeiestheria W.Wang,1980;Longjiangestheria W.Wang,1980）113

Yumenestheria Shen et Chen,1982114

Yanjiestheria Chen,1976（＝Leuroestheria W.Wang,1976; Chifengestheria W.Wang,1980;Yanshania Wang,1981）114

Allestheria Shen et Chen,1982115

Abrestheria Wang,1981115

Guiestheria Shen,1982116

Shouchangestheria Chen et Shen,1982117

Turfanograpta Novojilov,1958117

Family Diestheriidae Zhang et Chen,1976118

Diestheria Chen,1976（＝Neimongolestheria W.Wang,1976;Filigrapta W.Wang,1980;Plocestheria W.Wang,1980;Zhaomengestheria W.Wang,1980）118

Neodiestheria Chen,1976118

Asmussia Pacht,1849（＝Levenkia Novojilov,1955）119

Family Asmussiidae Kobayashi,1954119

Diestherites Zhang et Chen,1976119

Superfamily Estheriteoidea Zhang et Chen,1976119

Rohdendorfium Novojilov,1955120

Torgalykia Novojilov,1955120

Sphenograpia Novojilov,1961120

Family Fushunograptidae Wang,1974（＝Orthestheriidae Chang et Chen,1975;Tenuostracidae N.Chen,1976）121

Orthestheria Chen,1976121

Orthestheriopsis Chen,1976122

Cratostracus Huang,1976（＝Clathrostracus N.Chen,1976;Tenuostracus N.Chen,1976;Hemitenuostracus N.Chen,1976）122

Ellipsograpta Chang,1957123

Howellites Bock,1953（Estheriellites Bock,1953）124

Fushunograpta Wang,1974（＝Curvestheria Chen,1975）124

Altaestheria Trussova,1976125

Deltostracus Chang et Chen,1964125

Rhombograpta Novojilov,1954126

Liograpta Novojilov,1954126

Pteriograpta Novojilov,1954127

Loxopolygrapta Novojilov,1958127

Eremograpta Novojilov,1960（＝Cyelograpta Novojilov,1954）128

Sphaerograpta Novojilov,1958128

Innoeentium Novojilov,1962129

Daxingestheria Zhang et Chen,1976130

Family Jitinestheriidae Zhang et Chen,1976130

Nemestheria Chang et Chen,1964130

Jilinestheria Zhang et Chen,1976（＝Tramostraeus N.Chen,1976）131

Plectestheria Zhang et Chen,1976（＝Virgulostracus N.Chen,1976;Filarisestheria N.Chen,1976 past）132

Dietyestheria Chang et Chen,1964132

Brachygrapta Novojilov,1954,emend Zhang et Chen,1976（＝Euestheriopsis W.Wang,1980）133

Halysestheria Zhang et Chen,1976133

Family Halysestheriidae Zhang et Chen,1976133

Tylestheria Zhang et Chen,1976134

Aglestheria Chen,1976136

Pseutocyclograpta Chang,1957136

Family Estheriteidae Zhang et Chen,1976137

Estherites Kobayashi et Huzita,1943137

E.（Euestherites）Zhang et Chen,1976137

Calestherites Zhang et Chen,1976138

E.（Parestherites）Zhang et Chen,1976138

Fuyuestherta Zhang et Chen,1976138

Family Dimorphostracidae Chang et Chen,1964140

Dimorphostracus Chang et Chen,1964140

Glyptostracus Chang et Chen,1964141

Aploglyptus Zhang et Chen,1976（＝Haplograpta N.Chen,1976）142

Superfamily Afrograptioidea Novojilov,1957142

Family Afrograptidae Novojilov,1957142

Afrograpta Novojilov,1957142

Nigerestheria Chen,1976143

Camerunograpta Novojilov,1957（＝Graptoestheriella Cardoso,1965）143

Congestheriella Kobayashi,1954145

Congestheriopsis Chen et Shen,1982145

Australestheria Chen,1976146

Migransia Chen et Shen,1977146

Zhestheria Chen et Shen,1977147

Cixiella Chen et Shen,1979148

Feiyunella Chen et Shen,1982148

Xibeiestheria Wang,1982149

Linhaiella Chet et Shen,1982149

Nanhaiestheria Shen et X.Zhang,1979150

porostracus N.Chen,1976150

Superfamily Leaioidea Raymond,1946150

Family Monoleiolophidae Novojilov,1954150

Monoleiolophus Raymond,1946（＝Monoleaia Tasch,1956;Inkus Novojilov,1956;Jaxartus Novojilov,1954；Ferna-doalmeidium Novojilov,1968;Uniearinatut Cardosa,1965）150

Massagetes Novojilov,1954151

Peischoria Zaspelova,1962152

Family Leaiidae Raymond,1946152

Subfamily Leaiinae Raymond,1946152

Leaia Jones,1862（＝Leainella Novojilov,1952）152

Hemicycloleaia Raymond,1946（＝Brachiorthynchia No-vojilov,1956; Austroleaia Novojilov,1954;Dolicholeaia Novojilov,1952;Eoleaia Kobayashi,1954;Cornoleaia Molin,1965;Igorvarentsovia Novojilov,1956;Kaltaleaia152

Novojilov,1952;Lioleaia Novojilov,1952;Minoleaia Novojilov,1952;Siberioleaia Novojilov,1954;Trileaia Kobayashi,1954）153

Kasacholeaia Shen,1978154

Subfamily Brachioleaiinae Zhang et Chen,1976155

Brachioleaia Novojilov,1952（＝Quadrileaia Kobayashi,1954）155

Acantholeaia Almeida,1950155

Cycloleaia Novojilov,1952156

Subfamily Cycloleaiinae Novojilov,1952156

Subfamily Amphikoilinae,Novojilov,1953157

Amphikoilium Novojilov,1953157

Family Praeleaiidae Novojilov,1956157

Praeleaia Lutkevieh,1929157

Hepuleaia Shen,1978158

Paraleaia Raymond,1946（＝Troicleaia Miroshnichonko,1956;Teiichium Novojilov,1956）158

Eutrileaia Shen,1983160

Rostroleaia Novojilov,1952（＝Falsirostria Nevojilov,1954;Granirostria Novojilov,1954）161

Family Rostroleaiidae Novojilov,1956161

Subfamily Rostroleaiinae Novojilov,1956161

Limnadiopsileaia Tasch,1962162

Subfamily Pteroleaiinae Shen,1978163

Pteroleaia Copeland,1962163

Superfamily Estberiellioidea Kobayashi,1954163

Family Estheriellidae Kobaytshi,1954163

Estheriella Weiss,1875163

Pseudestheriella Novojilov,1956164

Tancrediella Novojilov,1956165

Mesoleaia Kobayashi,1954165

Lioleaiina Novojilov,1952（＝Met？leaia Kobayashi,1954）166

分类有疑问的属166

Archaeositum Novojilov,1970167

Dirhynchum Novojilov,1970167

Rhynchositum Novojilov,1970168

Limnadiopsium Novojilov,1958169

Metarhabdostiehia Novojilov,1958169

Sphaerestheria Novojilov,1954170

Trigonestheria Novojilov,1954170

T.Trigonorossiaia Novojilov,1954171

T.（Rossoestheria）Novojilov,1954171

Brachystheria Novojilov,1954171

Ujgurokontikia Novojilov,1958172

Sinokontikia Novojilov,1958172

Rossokontikia Novojilov,1958172

Khoratestheria Kobayashi,1975173

Pseudousmussia Novojilov,1954（non Pseudo？smussia Do-fretiu,1966）173

Sinograpta W.Wang,1980173

Quadriasmussia Kobayashi,1954174

Eoasmussia Soot-Kyen,1960174

Erisopsis Raymond,1946175

Cyeiestherioides Raymond,1946175

Pseudestheria Raynond,1946175

Ubsannria Novojilov et Varentsov,1956176

Concherisma Novojilov et Varentsov,1956176

Sphaeropsis Novojilov et Kapelka,1961177

Svalbardium Novejilov,1961177

Dotiehostheria Novojilov et Kapelka,1961177

Ovjurium Novojilov et Varentsov,1956177

Taimyrites Novojilev,1958178

Tuvinopsis Nevojilov et Kapelka,1961179

Estheriopsis Ruseoni;1947179

Angolttheriella Novojilov,1960180

Canskia Stopanov,1966180

Kargalia Novojilov,1956181

Tataloleaia Novojilov,1956182

Svmmetroleaia Novojilov,1952182

Palermisca Novojilov,1956183

Nyasestheriella Kobayashi,1954183

Triedrolophus Molin,1968184

Rhabdostichus Raymond,1946184

Protolimnadia Kozur et Sittig,1981185

Warthestheria Martens,1982185

Japanoleaia Novojilov,1952186

Teixeirium Novojilov,1958186

Pseudoleaia Kobayashi,1954186

Opsipolygrapta Novojilov,1954186

Bileaia Kobayashi,1954186

Gonioleaia Novojilov,1952186

Daduydeesia Raymond,1946186

Baidestheria Raymond,1946186

无效属名186

九、叶肢介的演化与迁移187

十、研究叶肢介的文献资料198

图版及图版说明231