《Capital A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production Volume I》

Preface to the English Edition3

PREFACES AND AFTERWORDS BY KARL MARX AND FREDERICK ENGELS TO THE GERMAN AND FRENCH EDITIONS7

Preface to the First German Edition7

Afterword to the Second German Edition12

Preface to the French Edition21

Afterword to the French Edition22

Preface to the Third German Edition23

Preface to the Fourth German Edition26

PART ⅠCOMMODITIES AND MONEY35

CHAPTER Ⅰ－ Commodities35

Section 1．－The Two Factors of a Commodity:Use-Value and Value(the Substance of Value and the Magnitude of Value)35

Section 2．－The Two-fold Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities41

Section 3．－The Form of Value or Exchange-Value47

A．Elementary or Accidental Form of Value48

1．The Two Poles of the Expression of Value:Relative Form and Equivalent Form48

2．The Relative Form of Value49

a．The Nature and Import of this Form49

b．Quantitative Determination of Relative Value53

3．The Equivalent Form of Value55

4．The Elementary Form of Value Considered as a Whole60

B．Total or Expanded Form of Value62

1．The Expanded Relative Form of Value62

2．The Particular Equivalent Form64

3．Defects of the Total or Expanded Form of Value64

C．The General Form of Value65

1．The Altered Character of the Form of Value65

2．The Interdependent Development of the Relative Form of Value,and of the Equivalent Form67

3．Transition from the General Form of Value to the Money-Form69

D．The Money-Form69

Section 4－The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof71

CHAPTER Ⅱ．－Exchange84

CHAPTER Ⅲ．－Money,or the Circulation of Commodities94

Section 1．－The Measure of Values94

Section 2．－The Medium of Circulation103

a．The Metamorphosis of Commodities103

b．The Currency of Money114

c．Coin and Symbols of Value124

Section 3．－Money130

a．Hoarding130

b．Means of Payment134

c．Universal Money142

PART ⅡTHE TRANSFORMATION OF MONEY INTO CAPITAL146

CHAPTER Ⅳ．－The General Formula for Capital146

CHAPTER Ⅴ．－Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital156

CHAPTER Ⅵ．－The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power167

PART ⅢTHE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE SURPLUS-VALUE177

CHAPTER Ⅶ．－The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value177

Section 1．－The Labour-Process or the Production of Use-Values177

Section 2．－The Production of Surplus-Value186

CHAPTER Ⅷ．－Constant Capital and Variable Capital199

CHAPTER Ⅸ．－The Rate of Surplus-Value212

Section 1．－The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power212

Section 2．－The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Product Itself220

Section 3．－SeniorsLast Hour224

Section 4．－Surplus-Produce230

CHAPTER Ⅹ．－The Working-Day231

Section 1．－The Limits of the Working-Day231

Section 2．－The Greed for Surplus-LabourManufacturer and Boyard235

Section 3．－Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation243

Section 4．－Day and Night WorkThe Relay System256

Section 5．－The Struggle for a Normal Working-DayCompulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working-Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century264

Section 6．－The Struggle for the Normal Working-DayCompulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-TimeThe English Factory Acts,1833 to 1864278

Section 7．－The Struggle for the Normal Working-DayRe-action of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries298

CHAPTER Ⅺ．－Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value303

PART ⅣPRODUCTION OF RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE312

CHAPTER Ⅻ．－The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value312

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．－Co-operation322

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．－Division of Labour and Manufacture336

Section 1．－Two-fold Origin of Manufacture336

Section 2．－The Detail Labourer and His Implements339

Section 3．－The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture:Heterogeneous Manufacture,Serial Manufacture342

Section 4．－Division of Labour in Manufacture,and Division of Labour in Society350

Section 5．－The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture359

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ．－Machinery and Modern Industry371

Section 1．－The Development of Machinery371

Section 2．－The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product386

Section 3．－The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman394

a．Appropriation of Supplementary Labour-Power by CapitalThe Employment of Women and Children394

b．Prolongation of the Working-Day403

c．Intensification of Labour409

Section 4．－The Factory418

Section 5．－The Strife Between Workman and Machine427

Section 6．－The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Work-people Displaced by Machinery438

Section 7．－Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory SystemCrises in the Cotton Trade447

Section 8．－Revolution Effected in Manufacture,Handicrafts,and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry459

a．Overthrow of Co-operation Based on Handicraft and on the Division of Labour459

b．Reaction of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domestic Industries461

c．Modern Manufacture462

d．Modern Domestic Industry466

e．Passage of Modern Manufacture,and Domestic Industry into Modern Mechanical IndustryThe Hastening of This Revolution by the Application of the Factory Acts to Those Industries470

Section 9．－The Factory ActsSanitary and Educational Clauses of the SameTheir General Extension in England480

Section 10．－Modern Industry and Agriculture504

PART ⅤTHE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE AND OF RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE508

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ．－Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value508

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ．－Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value519

Ⅰ．Length of the Working-Day and Intensity of Labour ConstantProductiveness of Labour Variable520

Ⅱ．Working-Day ConstantProductiveness of Labour ConstantIntensity of Labour Variable524

Ⅲ．Productiveness and Intensity of Labour ConstantLength of the Working-Day Variable526

Ⅳ．Simultaneous Variations in the Duration,Productiveness,and Intensity of Labour527

(1) Diminishing Productiveness of Labour with a Simultaneous Lengthening of the Working-Day528

(2) Increasing Intensity and Productiveness of Labour with Simultaneous Shortening of the Working-Day530

CHAPTER ⅩⅧ．－Various Formul？ for the Rate of Surplus-Value531

PART ⅥWAGES535

CHAPTER ⅩⅨ．－The Transformation of the Value(and Respectively the Price) of Labour-Power into Wages535

CHAPTER ⅩⅩ．－Time-Wages543

CHAPTER ⅩⅪ．－Piece-Wages551

CHAPTER ⅩⅫ．－National Differences of Wages559

PART ⅦTHE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL564

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢ．－Simple Reproduction566

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣ．－Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital579

Section 1．－Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing ScaleTransition of the Laws of Property that Characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation579

Section 2．－Erroneous Conception,by Political Economy,of Reproduction on a Progressively Increasing Scale588

Section 3．－Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and RevenueThe Abstinence Theory591

Section 4．－Circumstances that,Independently of the Proportional Division of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue,Determine the Amount of AccumulationDegree of Exploitation of Labour-PowerProductivity of LabourGrowing Difference in Amount Between Capital Employed and Capital ConsumedMagnitude of Capital Advanced599

Section 5．－The So-Called Labour-Fund609

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤ．－The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation612

Section 1．－The Increased Demand for Labour-Power that Accompanies Accumulation,the Composition of Capital Remaining the Same612

Section 2．－Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital Simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that Accompanies It621

Section 3．－Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus-Population or Industrial Reserve Army628

Section 4．－Different Forms of the Relative Surplus-PopulationThe General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation640

Section 5．－Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation648

a．England from 1846-1866648

b．The Badly Paid Strata of the British Industrial Class654

c．The Nomad Population663

d．Effect of Crises on the Best Paid Part of the Working-Class667

e．The British Agricultural Proletariat673

f．Ireland697

PART ⅧTHE SO-CALLED PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION713

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥ．－The Secret of Primitive Accumulation713

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦ．－Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land717

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅧ．－Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated,from the End of the 15th CenturyForcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament734

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅨ．－Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer742

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩ．－Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on IndustryCreation of the Home-Market for Industrial Capital745

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅪ．－Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist750

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅫ．－Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation761

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅢ．－The Modern Theory of Colonisation765

INDEXES775

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES775

NAME INDEX797