《NEIGHBORHOODS AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT》

1. Introduction and Main Themes1

The Nature of Neighborhoods1

Problems Arising from Neighborhood Change2

Exploring Future Policies Concerning Neighborhoods4

The Necessity for Neighborhood Deterioration5

Federal and State Policies8

City Policies9

Neighborhood Policies10

The Boundaries of This Study11

2. What Is a Neighborhood?13

Conclusions from This View of Neighborhoods15

Nonmarket Linkages and Self-Reinforcing Expectations16

Organizations within Neighborhoods19

3. Neighborhood Stability24

Factors in Population Mobility27

Variations in Mobility Rates31

Population Mobility and Neighborhood Stability33

4. Urban Growth and Neighborhood Change37

The Trickle Down Process and Urban Growth37

The Effect of the Trickle Down Process on Neighborhoods41

Spatial Hierarchy of Neighborhoods44

Differential Code Enforcement by Neighborhood48

Continuous Neighborhood Change49

Some Motives for Socioeconomic Segregation50

Differential Benefits to Households52

The Slowing of Urban Growth58

5. Stages of Neighborhood Change61

Agents of Neighborhood Change62

Stages of Change in Decline and Revitalization63

Intensified Land Use67

Neighborhood Life Cycles68

Housing Construction and Neighborhood Change70

6. Neighborhood Revitalization72

The Nature of Revitalization72

Causes of Revitalization75

Benefits and Costs of Revitalization81

Displacement84

7. Neighborhood Racial Change86

The Arbitrage Model86

Differential Incomes90

Racial Prejudice91

Microdynamic Illustrations of Racial Change93

The Negative Effects of Racial Change96

Stable, Racially Integrated Neighborhoods98

Hispanics in the United States100

8. Future Urban Developments Influencing Neighborhoods103

Demographic and Economic Trends103

High Gasoline Prices107

Neighborhood Decline110

Neighborhood Redevelopment113

9. Limitations on Future Neighborhood Policies116

Rhetorical versus Real Possibilities116

The Proper Institutional Level for Action118

Strategies119

Personal Values and the Limits of Public Policies119

10.Coping with Poverty124

Redistributing Incomes within Metropolitan Areas125

Deconcentrating the Poor126

Improving Access to Housing Credit129

Improving Public Schools131

Additional Recommendations134

11.Balancing Suburban Growth and Central City Revitalization136

Effects of Suburban Growth upon Central Cities136

Stimulating Central City Revitalization by Limiting Suburban Growth139

Achieving Fairer Distribution of the Social Costs of Suburban Growth141

Providing More Accessible Mortgage Financing for City Revitalization144

Balancing Neighborhood Revitalization and Displacement146

Encouraging Suburban Growth to Reduce Housing Prices150

Conclusion151

12.Physically Improving Central City Residential Neighborhoods153

Available Resources153

Strategies for Spatially Allocating Resources155

Treatment by Neighborhood159

Coping with Housing Deterioration163

Housing Code Enforcement164

Assessment Practices168

Traffic and Transportation169

Conclusion171

13.Focusing on Activities within Neighborhoods172

Some Attitudes of Neighborhood Residents and Their Implications172

Personal Values and Participation in Local Organizations174

Raising Neighborhood Consciousness176

Transferring Government Authority to Neighborhoods177

Transferring Delivery of Some Services to the Neighborhood Level179

Overcoming Neighborhood Resistance to the Location of Key Public Facilities182

Conclusion184

Index185