《ARREST OF SHIPS》

ENGLAND'AND WALES1

Historical summary1

The maritime lien-what is it?2

Who has a maritime lien-ranking for priority2

A shiprepairer's lien5

Lack of international consensus produces conflict of laws5

Problems arising from jurisdictional conflict5

Need for international uniformity7

How may a maritime lien be extinguished by lapse of time?7

Statutory rights “in rem”9

Types of claim which give the claimant a right “in rem”10

Time-barring of statutory rights “in rem”12

A writ “in rem” and a warrant ofarrest contrasted12

When do liens and statutory rights “in rem” respectively come into being?13

Actions “in rem” distinguished from actions “in personam”14

What is beneficial ownership?15

The right to arrest an alternative ship16

Is it possible to arrest the same ship twice?19

What happens when there is a pre-existing contractual forum （or more convenient forum） different from the forum where arrest takes place?21

Staying proceedings in favour of arbitration23

What happens to security obtained as a result ofarrest action?24

Relevance of s.26 of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 198227

Can “in rem” action be taken against more than one ship?28

When has “in rem” action been effectively taken?28

Sovereign immunity32

Doctrine ofabsolute immunity32

The Cristina case32

Changing trends after the Second World War32

Restricted immunity33

The State Immunity Act 197834

“Mareva”jurisdiction35

The Mareva injunction analysed35

Origin ofjurisdiction37

Mareva injunction clearly distinguished from lien or charge38

Rights of third parties38

Mareva injunction not right “in rem”39

The Siskina case （House of Lords Ruling）39

The effect ofs.25 of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 198240

Does it matter whether the defendant is based in or out of the jurisdiction?40

Advantage of Mareva over arrest41

“Ambulatory” effect41

The Niedersachsen case- restatement of principles42

How do you obtain a Mareva injunction?44

Resuming the study of action “in rem”-what of bunkers on board?45

The practicalities of arrest47

THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY51

A concerned owner and an unconcerned owner contrasted51

German flag owners52

Foreign flag owners-implementation of the 1952 Convention on Arrest52

Shipowners' personal liability53

Position where bunkers are supplied53

New owners' liabilities for maritime claim unsatisfied under previous ownership54

Duty of creditor to declare his motives for taking arrest action54

Reciprocal arrangements56

Practicalities of arrest56

Provision of alternative security57

Enforcement of arrest58

Procedures when jurisdictionofarrest and jurisdiction “on the merits” are in conflict58

Time limit60

Judicial sale61

Maritime liens61

Possibility ofwrongful arrest62

JAPAN67

Introduction67

（1） Provisional arrest67

（2） Compulsory execution67

（3） Public auction without a judgment67

Maritime lien68

Possessory lien70

Mortgage70

Types ofclaims70

Evidence of existenceofa claim71

（1） Provisional arrest71

（2） Compulsory execution71

（3） Public auction without ajudgment71

Deposit to be put up by the arrestor71

（1） Provisional arrest71

（2） Compulsory execution72

（3） Public auction without ajudgment72

Counter-security72

（1） Provisional arrest72

（2） Compulsory execution73

（3） Public auction without ajudgment73

Authority74

Form of application74

Power of attorney75

Enforcement of the order of arrest75

Proceedings for maintaining an arrest76

（1） Provisional arrest （2） Compulsory execution and （3） Public auction without a judgment76

Appraisal76

Sale77

Proceeds of sale77

Appeal proceedings77

（1） Provisional arrest77

（2） Compulsory evecutionand（3）Public auction without a judgment78

International Conventions78

Difference in treatment between Japanese and foreign ships78

Time element79

（1） Provisional arrest79

（2） Compulsory execution and （3） Public auction without a judgment79

Other particulars of interest79

THE UNITED STATES81

The United States court system81

Arrest of vessels under United States law83

Attachment of vessels under United States law94