《DISSENTING AND SEPARATE OPINIONS AT THE WORLD COURT》求取 ⇩

Introduction1

Ⅰ. The notion of dissenting opinion1

Ⅱ. Theoretical arguments2

(a) Opponents of dissenting opinions2

(b) Supporters of dissenting opinions2

Ⅲ. Origins of dissenting opinions4

Ⅳ. Positive law: distinction between Civil Law and Common Law5

(a) Structure of the Civil Law systems5

(b) Structure of the Common Law systems5

Ⅴ. Reasons for adoption of the system of dissenting opinions in international law7

Ⅵ. Provisions of the Statute and the Rules of Court on the system of dissenting opinions8

PART ONE: INDIVIDUAL OPINIONS AS AN ELEMENT OF THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT13

1. Recognition of dissenting opinions as an element of development of international law13

SECTION 1. GROPINGS BY THE HAGUE PEACE CONFERENCES13

Ⅰ. Acceptance of the idea of dissent: the Hague Conference of 189913

Ⅱ. Rejection of the idea of dissent: the Hague Conference of 190715

Ⅲ. Manifestations of discontent　17

(a) Criticism of de Bustamante　17

(b) Establishment of the Central American Court of Justice17

(c) Practice of arbitration tribunals　18

SECTION 2. RECOGNITION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF DISSENTING OPINIONS IN 192018

Ⅰ. Change of trends: acceptance by the League Council of the prin-ciple of dissent as a means of development of international law18

Ⅱ. Affirmation of the principle by the Assembly of the League of Nations21

SECTION 3. STRENGTHENING OF THE PRINCIPLE BY THE PERMANENT COURT IN 192922

Ⅰ. Rear-guard action of the French delegate22

Ⅱ. Criticism of the majority23

SECTION 4. EXTENSION OF THE PRINCIPLE27

Ⅰ. Dissent in the advisory procedure:the rule of 24 March 1922 and its revision in 192627

Ⅱ. Amendments concerning contentious and advisory proceedings29

(a) Simple statement of dissent30

(b) Compulsory publication of the names of dissenting judges30

(c) Compulsory publication of the number of dissenting judges32

(d) Compulsory publication of dissenting opinions33

Ⅲ. Publication of dissenting opinions in matters of orders36

2. Incidence of individual opinions on the authority of the Court Two meanings of the word 'Authority'39

SECTION 1. FORMAL AUTHORITY OF THE COURT40

Ⅰ. Jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of International Justice40

(a) Judgments and orders41

(b) Advisory opinions43

Ⅱ. Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice43

(a) Judgments and orders44

(b) Advisory opinions46

SECTION 2. MORAL AUTHORITY OF THE COURT49

Ⅰ. Quality as measure of moral authority49

(a) Language of dissent49

(b) Link with the case54

Ⅱ. Quantity as measure of moral authority62

(a) Length of individual opinions62

(b) Casting vote of the President67

PART TWO: INDIVIDUAL OPINIONS AS A DIALECTICAL ELEMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE PRESENT COURT Introduction to Part Two73

Ⅰ. Conflict between positivism and natural law73

(a) Sources of international law74

(b) System of interpretation75

(c) Judicial function76

Ⅱ. Positivist orientation of the Court77

(a) Sources of international law77

(b) System of interpretation78

(c) Judicial function79

3. Commencement of the dialectics82

SECTION 1. "NEW INTERNATIONAL LAW"PHILOSOPHY OF ALVAREZ83

Ⅰ. Sources of international law87

(a) Creative sources: juridical conscience of peoples87

(b) Formal sources:88

- United Nations General Assembly88

- Multilateral conventions of constitutive character89

Ⅱ. System of interpretation90

Ⅲ. Judicial function93

SECTION 2. CONFLICT BETWEEN ALVAREZ AND THE COURT97

Ⅰ. Sources of international law97

(a) United Nations General Assembly97

- Competence of the General Assembly for the admission of a new State - 195097

- Effect of awards of compensation made by United Nations administrative tribunal - 1954100

(b) Multilateral conventions of constitutive character:reservations to the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide - 1951104

Ⅱ. System of interpretation: International status of South-West Africa - 1950107

Ⅲ. Judicial function: conditions of admission of a state to membership in the United Nations - 1948111

Ⅳ. State voluntarism: the Anglo-Iranian oil co. case - 1952113

SECTION 3. SUPPORT FOR THE PHILOSOPHY OF ALVAREZ116

SECTION 4. INFLUENCE OF ALVAREZ118

Ⅰ. Reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations - 1949118

Ⅱ. Fisheries case- 1951122

4. Slowing down of the dialectics126

SECTION 1. "NEO-GROTIAN" PHILOSOPHY OF LAUTERPACHT126

Ⅰ. Sources of international law127

Ⅱ. System of interpretation129

Ⅲ. Judicial function132

SECTION 2. CONFLICT BETWEEN LAUTERPACHT AND THE COURT134

Ⅰ. Appearance of conflict: state voluntarism134

(a) Norwegian Loans case - 1957134

(b) Interhandel case - 1959136

Ⅱ. Disappearance o f conflict142

(a) Voting procedure on questions relating to reports and petitions concerning the territory of South-West Africa - 1955142

(b) Admissibility of hearings of petitioners - 1956147

SECTION 3. SUPPORT FOR THE PHILOSOPHY OF LAUTERPACHT150

Condemnation of state voluntarism151

(a) Norwegian Loans case151

- Dissenting opinion of Guerrero151

- Dissenting opinion of Basdevant151

(b) Interhandel case152

- Separate opinion of Sir Percy Spender152

- Dissenting opinion of Klaestad153

- Dissenting opinion of Armand-Ugon153

SECTION 4. INFLUENCE OF LAUTERPACHT:COMPULSORY JURISDICTION OF THE COURT154

5. Restarting o f the dialectics156

SECTION 1. PHILOSOPHY OF TANAKA156

Ⅰ. Sources of international law156

(a) General principles of law recognized by civilized nations (Article 38,1c)157

(b) International custom as evidence of general practice (Article 38, 1b)158

(c) International conventions (Article 38, 1a)160

Ⅱ. System o f interpretation161

Ⅲ. Judicial function163

SECTION 2. CONFLICT BETWEEN TANAKA AND THE COURT164

Ⅰ. International custom:North Sea continental shelf case - 1969164

Ⅱ. Philosophy of international law:South-West Africa case - 1966172

SECTION 3. SUPPORT FOR THE PHILOSOPHY OF TANAKA189

Ⅰ. International custom:North Sea continental shelf case189

(a) Dissenting opinion of Lachs189

(b) Dissenting opinion of Sφrensen190

Ⅱ. Philosophy of international law:South-West Africa case190

(a) Dissenting opinion of Padilla Nervo191

(b) Dissenting opinion of Jessup192

(c) Dissenting opinion of Wellington Koo194

(d) Dissenting opinion of Sir Mbanefo195

(e) Dissenting opinion of Forster196

(f) Dissenting opinion of Koretsky197

SECTION 4. INFLUENCE OF TANAKA: NEW SYNTHESIS198

Advisory opinion on the legal consequences for states of the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia - 1971198

PART THREE: NEW SYNTHESIS ON TRIAL REVIEW OF THE COURT JURISPRUDENCE, 1972-1982207

Introduction to Part Three207

6. Positivism-oriented jurisprudence of the Court209

SECTION 1. FISHERIES JURISDICTION CASES209

Ⅰ. Interim measures of protection:Orders of 17 August 1972212

Ⅱ. Jurisdiction of the Court- 1973213

Ⅲ. Merits- 1974216

SECTION 2. AEGEAN SEA CONTINENTAL SHELF CASE220

Ⅰ. Interim measures of protection:order of 11 September 1976222

Ⅱ. Judgment-1978223

(a) First ground of jurisdiction:article 17 of the 1928 General Act223

(b) Second ground of jurisdiction:Brussels Joint Communiqué of 31 May 1975226

SECTION 3. u.s. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR STAFF IN TEHRAN227

Ⅰ. Interim measures of protection:order of 15 December 1979229

Ⅱ. Judgment - 1980231

(a) Events of 4 November 1979232

(b) Events since 4 November 1979232

(c) Possible existence of special circumstances justifying Iranian actions233

7. Natural law-oriented jurisprudence of the Court236

SECTION 1. APPEAL RELATING TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE ICAO COUNCIL - 1972236

(a) Court's jurisdiction to entertain the appeal237

(b) Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council to deal with the merits of the case238

SECTION 2. NUCLEAR TESTS CASES240

Ⅰ. Interim measures of protection:orders of 22 June 1973241

Ⅱ. Judgments- 1974242

SECTION 3. WESTERN SAHARA - 1975246

SECTION 4. INTERPRETATION OF THE AGREEMENT OF 25 MARCH 1951 BETWEEN THE WHO AND EGYPT - 1980254

SUMMARY259

Conclusion263

Notes267

Bibliography309

Ⅰ. General bibliography309

Ⅱ. Specialized bibliography on judges Alvarez, Lauterpacht and Tanaka318

Indices322