《Metabolic Pathways Volume II》

13．Nitrogen Metabolism of Amino Acids＆by P．P．COHEN AND H．J．SALLACH1

Ⅰ．Scope1

Ⅱ．Deamination2

Ⅲ．Deamidation37

Ⅳ．Transamination42

Ⅴ．Amino Acid Racemases52

Ⅵ．Urea Biosynthesis and Related Systems53

Ⅶ．Summary Remarks63

Addendum65

References66

14．Carbon Catabolism of Amino Acids＆by DAVID M．GREBNBERG79

Ⅰ．Scope of the Chapter80

Ⅱ．Amino Acids Linked with the Citric Acid Cycle81

Ⅲ．Glycine84

Ⅳ．The Hydroxyamino Acids88

Ⅴ．The Aliphatic Branched-Chain Amino Acids95

Ⅵ．Certain Amino Acids of Uncertain Biological Significance109

Ⅶ．The Sulfur Amino Acids111

Ⅷ．Lysine113

Ⅸ．Arginine and Ornithine118

Ⅹ．Proline and Hydroxyproline119

Ⅺ．The Aromatic Amino Acids121

Ⅻ．Histidine133

ⅩⅢ．Tryptophan143

ⅩⅣ．The 5-Hydroxyindole Pathway159

ⅩⅤ．The Tryptophanase Pathway161

References162

15．Biosynthesis of Amino Acids and Related Compounds＆by DAVID M．GREENBERG173

Ⅰ．Introduction174

Ⅱ．Biosynthesis of Serine and Phosphoserine174

Ⅲ．The Glycine-Serine Interconversion177

Ⅳ．Formation of Phosphatide Bases181

Ⅴ．Biosynthesis of Threonine and Homoserine186

Ⅵ．Interconversions of Glutamic Acid,Ornithine,and the Prolines191

Ⅶ．Biosynthesis of the Branched-Chain Amino Acids195

Ⅷ．Biosynthesis of Lysine and Hydroxylysine202

Ⅸ．Biosynthesis of Aromatic Amino Acids207

Ⅹ．Biosynthesis of Tryptophan214

Ⅺ．Synthetic Reactions Involving Tyrosine218

Ⅻ．Biosynthesis of Histidine223

References228

16．The Metabolism of Sulfur-Containing Compounds＆by ERNEST KUN237

Ⅰ．The Biological Importance of Sulfur in Animals237

Ⅱ．The Metabolism of Cysteine239

Ⅲ．The Metabolism of Methionine250

Ⅳ．Glutathione252

Ⅴ．Lipoic Acid254

Ⅵ．Biotin255

References257

17．The Synthesis of Proteins＆by Ⅰ．D．RAACKE263

Ⅰ．Introduction263

Ⅱ．Studies on Protein Synthesis in Whole Cells266

Ⅲ．Studies on Protein Synthesis with Cell-free Systems278

Ⅳ．Evaluation of Results334

Ⅴ．Relationship between Protein Synthesis and Other Metabolic Activities of the Cell344

References360

Addendum372

References to Addendum386

18．Purines and Pyrimidines＆by MARTIN P．SCHULMAN389

Ⅰ．Introduction389

Ⅱ．Biosynthesis of the Purines391

Ⅲ．Incorporation of Preformed Purine Compounds into Nucleic Acids413

Ⅳ．Summary of Purine Biosynthesis417

Ⅴ．Purine Degradation418

Ⅵ．Biosynthesis of the Pyrimidines427

Ⅶ．Pyrimidine Catabolism437

Ⅷ．Feedback Control of Purine and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis443

Ⅸ．Comparative Utilization of Free Bases versus Elementary Precursors in Nucleic Acid Synthesis444

References446

19．Nucleotides and Nucleosides＆by LEONARD WARREN459

Ⅰ．General Introduction459

Ⅱ．Components of the Nucleotides460

Ⅲ．Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)480

Ⅳ．Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)493

Ⅴ．Coenzymes and Group Activation502

References515

20．The Metabolism of Heme and Chlorophyll＆by S．GRANICK AND D．MAUZBRALL525

Ⅰ．Introduction526

Ⅱ．Tracer Studies of Protoporphyrin Biosynthesis534

Ⅲ．Synthesis of a-Aminolevulinic Acid536

Ⅳ．δ-Aminolevulinic Acid to Protoporphyrin544

Ⅴ．The Iron Branch of the Biosynthetic Chain and Some Geneal Properties of Heme and Heme Proteins553

Ⅵ．The Magnesium Branch of the Biosynthetic Chain and Chlorophyll Synthesis576

Ⅶ．Metalloporphyrins Other Than Iron or Magnesium583

Ⅷ．Decomposition of Iron Protoporphyrin to Bile Pigments584

Ⅸ．Biochemical Lesions in Porphyrin Metabolism598

References606

21．Thiamine＆by PETER ALBERSHEIM AND JAMES BONNER617

Ⅰ．Biosynthesis617

Ⅱ．Further Metabolism620

Ⅲ．Thiamine Destruction622

Ⅳ．Conclusion624

References624

22．Metabolic Pathways Involving Niacin and Its Derivatives＆by NATHAN O．KAPLAN627

Ⅰ．Biogenesis of Nicotinic Acid627

Ⅱ．Relative Effectiveness of Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide637

Ⅲ．Synthesis of Pyridine Coenzymes from Nicotinamide and Nicotinic Acid641

Ⅳ．Enzymic Cleavage of DPN644

Ⅴ．The Pyridine Coenzyme Requirement of Hemophilus648

Ⅵ．Metabolism of Pyridine Nucleotides in Vivo649

Ⅶ．The Excretory Products of Niacin660

Ⅷ．Antagonists of Nicotinamide663

References665

23．The Biosynthesis of Flavin Derivatives＆by GERHARD W．E．PLAUT673

Ⅰ．Biogenesis of Riboflavin673

Ⅱ．The Biological Decomposition of Riboflavin697

Ⅲ．The Synthesis of Flavin Derivatives701

Ⅳ．Summary707

References708

24．Biogenesis and Metabolism of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12＆by THOMAS H．JUKES AND HARRY P．BROQUIBT713

Ⅰ．Folic Acid Compounds713

Ⅱ．Vitamin B12 and Its Analogs731

References737

AUTHOR INDEX741

SUBJECT INDEX792