《Gastroenterology Volume III Second Edition》

SECTION ⅧPARASITIC DISEASES1

Chapter 87GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF MAN＆LEE S．MONROE3

INTRODUCTION:IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM5

INTESTINAL PROTOZOA5

Amebas5

Flagellates5

Coccidia8

Ciliates8

INTESTINAL HELMINTHS9

Nematodes9

Cestodes22

Trematodes31

Acanthocephala37

TECHNIQUES OF EXAMINATION FOR INTESTINAL PARASITES38

THERAPY OF INTESTINAL PARASITISM41

Chapter 88THE SCHISTOSOMIASES＆T．FIGUEIREDO MENDES52

DEFINITION53

HISTORY53

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE53

SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI54

SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA72

SCHISTOSOMIASIS HAEMATOBIA77

SECTION ⅨTHE LIVER85

Chapter 89ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE LIVER＆HARRIS R．CLEARFIELD87

Part Ⅰ Anatomy of the liver88

Part ⅡPhysiology of the Liver99

HEPATECTOMY AND REGENERATION99

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND THE LIVER100

PROTEIN METABOLISM AND THE LIVER103

LIPID METABOLISM AND THE LIVER105

BILE109

ALCOHOL METABOLISM111

STEROID HORMONE METABOLISM AND THE LIVER113

COAGULATION FACTORS AND THE LIVER114

DETOXIFICATION MECHANISMS116

Chapter 90 ANOMALIES OF THE LIVER＆HARRIS R．CLEARFIELD124

Chapter 91DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES IN THE EVALUATION OF HEPATIC DISEASE129

Part ⅠLiver Function Tests and Other Diagnostic Procedures＆EDWIN M．COHN129

LIVER FUNCTION TESTS131

Tests Based on Bilirubin Metabolism131

Tests Based on Protein Metabolism135

Tests Based on Carbohydrate Metabolism147

Tests Based on Lipid Metabolism148

Tests Based on Detoxification150

Dye Excretion Tests150

Tests Based on Serum Enzyme Determinations156

Serum Iron162

OTHER DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES163

Liver Biopsy163

Vascular Procedures167

Portal Venography167

Measurement of Portal Venous Pressure173

Hepatic Vein Catheterization174

Hemagglutination Test in Hepatic Disease175

SUMMARY176

Part ⅡRadioisotope Visualization of the Liver＆EMANUEL G．TULSKY178

Chapter 92JAUNDICE:METABOLISM OF BILIRUBIN:PATHOGENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF JAUNDICE＆HENRY J．TUMEN191

METABOLISM OF BILIRUBIN AND ITS DERIVATIVES191

PATHOGENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF JAUNDICE200

Chapter 93 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF JAUNDICE＆EDWIN O．POLISH208

Chapter 94 JAUNDICE OF HEMOLYTIC ORIGIN＆LAWRENCE H．BEIZER221

Chapter 95 OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE＆LEROY H．STAHLGREN233

Chapter 96VIRAL HEPATITIS＆HENRY J．TUMEN and EDWIN M．COHN245

HISTORICAL NOTE246

ETIOLOGY246

EPIDEMIOLOGY248

INCUBATION PERIOD253

CLINICAL FEATURES254

ACUTE (ICTERIC) VIRAL HEPATITIS254

CHOLESTATIC HEPATITIS258

NONICTERIC VIRAL HEPATITIS258

FULMINANT HEPATITIS259

VIRAL HEPATITIS IN PREGNANCY260

NEONATAL AND INFANTILE HEPATITIS261

LUPOID HEPATITIS262

DIAGNOSIS263

PROGNOSIS265

PROPHYLAXIS267

TREATMENT270

Chapter 97ACUTE LIVER INJURY INDUCED BY CHEMICALS AND DRUGS＆WILLIAM S．HAUBRICH277

TYPES OF ACUTE LIVER INJURY278

CLINICAL FEATURES281

DIAGNOSIS282

TREATMENT283

PROGNOSIS284

EXEMPLI GRATIA285

True hepatotoxins285

Hypersensitivity Reactions286

Miscellaneous Adverse Reactions288

CHECKLIST OF POTENTIALLY INJURIOUS SUBSTANCES290

Chapter 98CIRRHOSIS＆HENRY J．TUMEN and EDWIN M．COHN299

HISTORY301

DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION302

Portal Cirrhosis304

Postnecrotic Cirrhosis304

Biliary Cirrhosis304

ETIOLOGY304

PATHOGENESIS311

PATHOLOGY312

STATISTICAL FEATURES313

CLINICAL FEATURES314

ASCITES315

HYDROTHORAX321

EDEMA322

RENAL DISTURBANCES IN CIRRHOSIS322

JAUNDICE324

SKIN LESIONS325

ENDOCRINE DISTURBANCES IN CIRRHOSIS326

CARDIOVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES IN CIRRHOSIS328

HEMATOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES IN CIRRHOSIS329

PEPTIC ULCER332

MISCELLANEOUS CLINICAL FEATURES OF CIRRHOSIS333

PHYSICAL FINDINGS IN CIRRHOSIS335

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES336

TREATMENT336

CAUSES OF DEATH AND PROGNOSIS344

PORTAL HYPERTENSION345

HEPATIC COMA364

＂PRIMARY＂BILIARY CIRRHOSIS378

Chapter 99HEMOCHROMATOSIS＆J．EDWARD BERK and ROBERT J．PRIEST403

CLASSIFICATION404

PREVALENCE404

ETIOLOGY404

PATHOLOGY408

CLINICAL FEATURES412

LABORATORY FINDINGS413

DIAGNOSIS414

COMPLICATIONS415

TREATMENT416

PROGNOSIS417

Chapter 100PERIHEPATITIS AND CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS＆MAURICE MENSH and ROLAND W．BANKS420

ACUTE PERIHEPATITIS420

ACUTE GONOCOCCAL PERIHEPATITIS421

CHRONIC PERIHEPATITIS423

CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS (PICK＇S SYNDROME)425

Chapter 101DISEASES OF THE HEPATIC BLOOD VESSELS＆CHARLES A．JONES428

DISEASES OF THE HEPATIC ARTERY429

DISEASES OF THE HEPATIC VEINS435

DISEASES OF THE PORTAL VEIN441

CRUVEILHIER-BAUMGARTEN SYNDROME452

Chapter 102SPECIFIC INFECTIONS OF THE LIVER460

Part Ⅰ Syphilis，Tuberculosis，and Actinomycosis＆B．WISSMER461

Part Ⅱ Weil＇s Disease (Leptospirosis)＆F．VILARDELL473

Chapter 103 PYOGENIC (NONAMEBIC) ABSCESS OF THE LIVER＆JOHN H．WILLARD487

Chapter 104TUMORS OF THE LIVER＆J．EDWARD BERK and ROBERT J．PRIEST502

BENIGN TUMORS503

MALIGNANT TUMORS506

Primary Malignant Tumors506

Metastatic Tumors517

THE LIVER IN HODGKIN＇S DISEASE522

LEUKEMIC AND OTHER HEPATIC INFILTRATIONS524

Chapter 105NONPARASITIC CYSTS OF THE LIVER＆J．EDWARD BERK and ROBERT J．PRIEST530

Chapter 106METABOLIC DISORDERS AND THE LIVER＆V．TACHDJIAN539

GLYCOGENOSIS (Von Gierke＇s Disease，Glycogen Storage Disease，Hepatonephromegalia Glycogenica)539

GALACTOSEMIA543

AMYLOID DISEASE545

THE LIPIDOSES548

Gaucher＇s Disease (Reticular and Histiocytic Cerebrosidosis)548

Niemann-Pick Disease (Reticular and Histiocytic Sphingomyelosis)550

Histiocytosis X (Hand-Schüller-Christian Disease，Letterer-Siwe Disease，and Eosinophilic Granuloma551

THE LIVER IN DIABETES MELLITUS553

THE LIVER IN DISEASES OF THE THYROID GLAND556

SECTION ⅩAFFECTIONS OF THE GALLBLADDER AND BILE DUCTS565

Chapter 107 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GALLBLADDER AND BILE DUCTS＆MAURICE M．ROTHMAN567

Chapter 108ANOMALIES OF THE GALLBLADDER，BILE DUCTS，AND THEIR BLOOD VESSELS＆MAURICE M．ROTHMAN590

ANOMALIES OF THE GALLBLADDER591

MALPOSITION OF THE GALLBLADDER598

AGENESIS OF THE GALLBLADDER599

MISCELLANEOUS ANOMALIES OF THE GALLBLADDER599

ANOMALIES AND ABNORMALITIES OF THE COMMON BILE DUCT600

OTHER ANOMALIES OF THE BILE DUCTS601

ANOMALIES OF THE BLOOD VESSELS606

Chapter 109DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES IN AFFECTIONS OF GALLBLADDER AND BILE DUCTS609

INTRODUCTION610

Part ⅠRoentgen Examination of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts＆PHILIP J．HODES611

HISTORICAL DATA611

SURVEY ABDOMINAL EXAMINATION612

ORAL CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY618

CHOLANGIOGRAPHY637

Part ⅡBiliary Drainage Procedures and Other Laboratory Aids655

DIAGNOSTIC DUODENAL DRAINAGE OF THE BILIARY TRACT (Meltzer-Lyon Technique)655

TIMED BILIARY DRAINAGE664

CHOLECYSTOKININ BILIARY DRAINAGE AND COMBINED SECRETIN-CHOLECYSTOKININ TEST665

SODIUM DEHYDROCHOLATE TEST668

DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF DUODENAL DRAINAGE PROCEDURES668

OTHER LABORATORY AIDS671

Chapter 110 MOTOR DISORDERS OF THE BILIARY TRACT (DYSKINESIA，DYSTONIA，DYSSYNERGIA)＆GERALDO SIFFERT681

Chapter 111ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS，GALLBLADDER FERFORATION，EMPHYSEMATOUS CHOLECYSTITIS，GALLBLADDER TORSION，AND BILE PERITONITIS＆J．EDWARD BERK and LEE S．MONROE700

Part ⅠAcute Cholecystitis701

ACUTE FREE PERFORATION OF THE GALLBLADDER712

Part Ⅱ Emphysematous Cholecystitis713

Part Ⅲ Torsion of the Gallbladder716

Part Ⅳ Bile Peritonitis719

Chapter 112ALITHIASIC CHOLECYSTOPATHIES，CHRONIC NONCALCULOUS CHOLECYSTITIS，AND CYSTIC DUCT SYNDROME731

Part Ⅰ Alithiasic Cholecystopathies and Chronic Noncalculous Cholecystitis＆GERALDO SIFFERT732

Part Ⅱ Cystic Duct Syndrome＆FRANZ GOLDSTEIN740

Chapter 113CHOLELITHIASIS746

MILD OF CALCIUM BILE777

Chapter 114 CHOLESTEROSIS OF THE GALLBLADDER＆J．WARREN HUNDLEY783

Chapter 115 CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS＆J．EDWARD BERK and ALLAN A．KAPLAN790

Chapter 116TUMORS OF THE GALLBLADDER AND BILE DUCTS＆EDWIN M．COHN811

BENIGN TUMORS OF THE GALLBLADDER811

PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE GALLBLADDER813

METASTATIC TUMORS OF THE GALLBLADDER818

SARCOMA OF THE GALLBLADDER818

BENIGN TUMORS OF THE BILE DUCTS819

PRIMARY MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS820

Chapter 117 CHOLANGITIS＆BERNARD WISSMER827

Chapter 118ORGANIC ACQUIRED STRICTURE OF BILE DUCTS＆J．WARREN HUNDLEY837

PRIMARY INFLAMMATORY STRICTURE838

STRICTURE SECONDARY TO CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS839

POSTOPERATIVE OR TRAUMATIC STRICTURE839

Chapter 119BILIARY FISTULAS:RUPTURE OF BILE DUCTS WITH FREE PERITONITIS＆JOHN H．WILLARD850

BILIARY FISTULAS850

Spontaneous Internal Biliary Fistula851

Spontaneous External Biliary Fistula858

Postoperative External Biliary Fistula859

RUPTURE OF BILE DUCT WITH FREE PERITONITIS861

Chapter 120SYMPTOMS AFTER CHOLECYSTECTOMY (POSTCHOLECYSTECTOMY SYNDROME)865

INTRODUCTION865

SYMPTOMS UNRELATED TO SURGERY866

POSTOPERATIVE SEQUELAE868

FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS OF THE BILIARY TRACT (Dyssynergia，Dyskinesia，Dystonia)871

SECTION ⅪTHE PANCREAS875

Chapter 121 EMBRYOLOGY，ANATOMY，AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PANCREAS＆I．J．PINCUS877

Chapter 122 ANOMALIES OF THE PANCREAS＆I．J．PINCUS888

Chapter 123DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES IN THE STUDY OF PANCREATIC DISORDERS892

Part ⅠLaboratory Procedures＆H．L．BOCKUS，M．S．LOPUSNIAK，and V．TACHDJIAN893

TESTS FOR PANCREATIC ENZYMES IN THE BLOOD893

TESTS FOR PANCREATIC ENZYMES IN THE URINE905

TESTS FOR PANCREATIC SECRETION VIA DUODENAL INTUBATION906

EXAMINATION OF THE FECES914

CARBOHYDRATE TESTS916

OTHER TESTS FOR ALTERATION OF DIGESTIVE CAPACITY AND MISCELLANY916

CHOICE OF TESTS916

Part ⅡX-Ray Investigation of the Pancreas＆GEORGE N．STEIN917

INFLAMMATORY INVOLVEMENT917

TUMORS AND CYSTS919

OPERATIVE PANCREATOGRAPHY925

ISOTOPE SCANNING931

Chapter 124ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS OF THE PANCREAS＆I．J．PINCUS937

HISTORICAL REVIEW937

EMBRYOLOGY OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS938

HISTOLOGY OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS938

ALPHA CELL AND GLUCAGON938

BETA CELL AND INSULIN941

GAMMA AND DELTA CELL942

HYPOGLYCEMIA942

Chapter 125ACUTE PANCREATITIS949

PATHOGENESIS951

ETIOLOGY955

CLINICAL FEATURES961

DIAGNOSTIC AIDS963

THE DIAGNOSIS967

THERAPY969

COMPLICATIONS AND SEQUELAE973

PROGNOSIS975

Edema vs．Necrosis976

PREVENTION OF RECURRENCES976

Chapter 126PANCREATIC INJURIES，POSTOPERATIVE PANCREATITIS AND PANCREATIC FISTULAS＆JOSE MARTINS JOB983

PANCREATIC INJURIES983

POSTOPERATIVE PANCREATITIS986

PANCREATIC FISTULAS989

Chapter 127 CHRONIC PANCREATITIS，RELAPSING PANCREATITIS，PANCREATIC LITHIASIS，AND CALCIFICATION OF PANCREAS＆ALEXANDER RUSH and H．L．BOCKUS998

Chapter 128 TUBERCULOSIS AND SYPHILIS OF THE PANCREAS＆ALEXANDER RUSH1018

Chapter 129TUMORS OF THE PANCREAS＆J．EDWARD BERK and WILLIAM S．HAUBRICH1021

CLASSIFICATION1022

TUMORS OF EXOCRINE ORIGIN1022

Benign Adenomas1022

Adenocarcinomas1023

TUMORS OF ENDOCRINE ORIGIN1037

Insulin-Producing Islet Cell Tumors1037

Islet Cell Tumors Associated With Gastric Hypersecretion (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)1041

Other Islet Cell Tumors1044

NONEPITHELIAL TUMORS1044

Chapter 130CYSTS OF THE PANCREAS＆J．EDWARD BERK and WILLIAM S．HAUBRICH1052

Chapter 131 CYSTIC FIBROSIS＆G．J．BARBERO1064

SECTION ⅫSECONDARY AFFECTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AND MISCELLANY1077

Chapter 132PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION AND DISEASE＆HOWARD P．ROME and THOMAS L．BRANNICK1079

ROLE OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT1079

THE SOMATOPSYCHIC THESIS1081

THE PSYCHOSOMATIC THESIS1081

ORAL EXPRESSIONS OF BEHAVIOR1085

ANOREXIA NERVOSA1086

GLOBUS HYSTERICUS AND ALLIED NEUROSES1087

PEPTIC ULCER1088

THE IRRITABLE COLON1089

CHRONIC ULCERATIVE COLITIS1090

THE PROBLEM OF PAIN1093

THE＂-OSTOMY＂PATIENT1095

PSYCHOLOGIC PREPARATION FOR SURGERY1097

PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF TREATMENT1100

Chapter 133ORIENTATION AND MECHANISM OF FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS;CLINICOPHYSIOLOGIC CORRELATION1108

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF SYMPTOM PATTERNS IN STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DERANGEMENTS1109

MECHANISM OF THE SO-CALLED FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS1110

THE FUTURE OF ORIENTATION OF FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS1115

COMMON FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT1116

CLINICAL ORIENTATION1116

Chapter 134 INTIMATIONS OF AUTOIMMUNITY IN DIGESTIVE DISEASES＆WILLIAM S．HAUBRICH1119

Chapter 135 GASTROINTESTINAL ALLERGY＆MERLE M．MILLER and EDMUND L．KEENEY1131

Chapter 136COLLAGEN DISEASES AFFECTING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM＆WILLIAM S．HAUBRICH1151

SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (Scleroderma)1152

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS1155

PERIARTERITIS NODOSA1156

DERMATOMYOSITIS1159

Chapter 137INTERRELATIONSHIP OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS＆SAMUEL BELLET1163

INNERVATION OF THE HEART AND OF THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT1163

GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS SIMULATING HEART DISEASE1164

INDIRECT EFFECTS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISTURBANCES ON THE HEART1165

COEXISTENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE1166

HEART DISEASE LEADING TO GASTROINTESTINAL DISTURBANCES1167

CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS WITH SECONDARY GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS1168

CARDIAC DRUGS AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT1169

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEART AND GALLBLADDER DISEASE1169

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ABDOMINAL VS．MYOCARDIAL CATASTROPHE1171

Chapter 138ABDOMINAL VASCULAR DISEASE＆PAUL NEMIR，JR．1174

ANEURYSMS1174

OCCLUSIVE DISEASE1181

ABDOMINAL APOPLEXY1183

Chapter 139ANGIOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ABDOMINAL DISEASE＆STANLEY BAUM1186

TECHNIQUE OF PERCUTANEOUS SELECTIVE VISCERAL ARTERIOGRAPHY1187

INDICATIONS AND SELECTION OF PATIENTS1189

NORMAL ARTERIOGRAM1189

DISEASE PROCESSES1191

ARTERIAL MALFORMATIONS AND ANEURYSMS1213

MESENTERIC ARTERIAL INSUFFICIENCY AND OCCLUSION1213

NEOPLASM OF THE STOMACH，SMALL BOWEL，AND COLON1221

CONCLUSION1221

Chapter 140GASTROINTESTINAL-ENDOCRINAL RELATIONSHIPS1230

Part Ⅰ Thyroid，Parathyroid，and Pancreas＆C．R．TITTLE，JR．1231

Part Ⅱ Gonads＆A．E．RAKOFF1243

Part Ⅲ Pituitary and Adrenals＆DENIS M．ABELSON1247

Chapter 141DERMATOLOGIC GASTROINTESTINAL RELATIONSHIPS＆M．H．SAMITZ1259

AVITAMINOSES1261

GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS RESPONSIBLE FOR OR OCCURRING IN ASSOCIATION WITH SKIN MANIFESTATIONS1264

Stomach and Intestines1264

Hepatobiliary Tract1267

Pancreas1272

Malignant Neoplasms1272

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage1273

CONCOMITANT INVOLVEMENT OF SKIN AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN SYSTEMIC DISEASE1277

Connective Tissue Diseases1277

Metabolic Disorders1279

Necrotizing Angiitides1282

Pigmentary Disorders1283

Sarcoidosis1285

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica1286

Chapter 142DIGESTIVE SYMPTOMS AND GENITOURINARY AFFECTIONS＆JOHANNES F．PESSEL1291

Chapter 143FOOD POISONING＆HENRY WALTER，JR．1301

MICROBIAL FOOD POISONING1302

Botulism1302

Staphylococcic Food Poisoning1305

Streptococcic Food Poisoning1307

Clostridium Perfringens Food Poisoning1307

Bacillus Cereus Food Poisoning1307

CHEMICAL POISONING1308

POISONING FROM ANIMALS AND PLANTS1309

Mushroom Poisoning (Mycetismus)1309

Favism1310

Shellfish Poisoning1310

Fish Poisoning (Ichthyosarcotoxism)1311

Milk Poisoning1312

Ergotism1312

Water Hemlock (Cicuta Maculata)1312

Rhubarb1312

INDEX1317