《The Structure Of Social Action》求取 ⇩

PART ⅠTHE POSITIVISTIC THEORY OF ACTION1

CHAPTER Ⅰ．INTRODUCTORY3

The Problem3

Theory and Empirical Fact6

Residual Categories16

Theory，Methodology and Philosophy20

Types of Concepts27

Note on the Concept＂Fact＂41

CHAPTER Ⅱ．THE THEORY OF ACTION43

The Unit of Action Systems43

The Utilitarian System51

The Positivistic Theory of Action60

Empiricism69

Individualism in the Theory of Action72

Note A：On the Concept＂Normative＂74

Note B：Schematic Outline of System Types in the Theory of Action77

Note C：On the Content of Nonsubjective Categories in Relation to the Theory of Action82

Note D：On the Relations of Psychology and Biology85

CHAPTER Ⅲ．SOME PHASES OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUALISTIC POSITIVISM IN THE THEORY OF ACTION87

Hobbes and the Problem of Order89

Locke and the Classical Economics95

Malthus and the Instability of Utilitarianism102

Marx and Class Antagonism107

Darwinism110

Other Paths to Radical Positivism115

Utility121

Evolution122

PART ⅡTHE EMERGENCE OF A VOLUNTARISTIC THEORY OF ACTION FROM THE POSITIVISTIC TRADITION127

CHAPTER Ⅳ．ALFRED MARSHALL：WANTS AND ACTIVITIES AND THE PROBLEM OF THE SCOPE OF ECONOMICS129

Activities and Utility Theory130

The Supplies of the Factors of Production141

Real Cost146

Free Enterprise150

Social Evolution155

The＂Natural Order＂159

Economic Motives161

The Problem of the Scope of Economic Theory165

CHAPTER Ⅴ．VILFREDO PARETO，Ⅰ：THE METHODOLOGY AND MAIN ANALYTICAL SCHEME178

Methodology180

Logical and Nonlogical Action185

Residues and Derivations196

The Two Structural Aspects of Nonlogical Action200

CHAPTER Ⅵ．VILFREDO PARETO，Ⅱ：EXTENSION AND VERIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS219

Pareto and Social Darwinism219

The＂Logical＂Aspect of Action Systems228

The Theory of Social Utility241

The Nonlogical Aspect of Social Systems250

The Status of Economic Theory Again264

CHAPTER Ⅶ．VILFREDO PARETO，Ⅲ：EMPIRICAL GENERALIZATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS269

The Ideology Problem269

Cycles of Social Change278

The Role of Force288

Genera] Conclusions293

CHAPTER Ⅷ．EMILE DURKHEIM，Ⅰ：EARLY EMPIRICAL WORK301

The Division of Labor308

Suicide324

Occupational Groups and Socialism338

CHAPTER Ⅸ．EMILE DURKHEIM，Ⅱ：THE METHODOLOGY OF SOCIOLOGISTC POSITIVISM343

The Utilitarian Dilemma344

The＂Social＂Factor350

Collective Representations359

Ethics and the Social Type368

CHAPTER Ⅹ．EMILE DURKHEIM，Ⅲ：THE DEVELOPMENT Of THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CONTROL376

The Changing Meaning of Constraint378

Ethical Difficulties390

The Role of Institutions399

CHAPTER Ⅺ．EMILE DURKHEIM，Ⅳ：THE FINAL PHASE：RELIGION AND EPISTEMOLOGY409

Religious Ideas411

Ritual429

Epistemology441

CHAPTER Ⅻ．SUMMARY OF PART Ⅱ：THE BREAKDOWN Of THE POSITIVISTIC THEORY OF ACTION451

The Positivistic Starting Points451

Marshall452

Pareto454

Durkheim460

PART ⅢTHE EMERGENCE OF A VOLUNTARISTIC THEORY OF ACTION FROM THE IDEALISTIC TRADITION471

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．THE IDEALISTIC TRADITION473

Methodological Background473

The Problem of Capitalism487

Marx488

Sombart495

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．MAX WEBER，Ⅰ：RELIGION AND MODERN CAPITALISM A．PROTESTANTISM AND CAPITALISM500

The Principal Characteristics of Capitalism503

The Spirit of Capitalism513

Calvinism and the Spirit of Capitalism516

Note on the Role of Ideas533

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ．MAX WEBER，Ⅱ：RELIGION AND MODERN CAPITALISM(CONTINUED)B．THE COMPARATIVE STUDIES539

China542

India552

The Systematic Typology of Religion563

Protestantism and Capitalism：Schematic Summary575

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ．MAX WEBER，Ⅲ：METHODOLOGY579

Objectivism581

Intuitionism586

Natural and Social Science591

The Ideal Type and Generalized Analytical Theory601

The Logic of Empirical Proof610

Adequacy of Explanation624

Action and Complexes of Meaning635

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ．MAX WEBER，Ⅳ：SYSTEMATIC THEORY640

The Types of Social Action640

Modes of Orientation of Action649

Legitimate Order，Charisma and Religion658

Ritual673

Matters of Taste677

Note on Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft686

PART ⅣCONCLUSION695

CHAPTER ⅩⅧ．EMPIRICALLY VERIFIED CONCLUSIONS697

Summary Outline of the Structure of Action698

Rationality and Utilitarianism698

Marshall702

Pareto704

Durkheim708

Weber714

Verified Conclusions719

CHAPTER ⅩⅨ．TENTATIVE METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS727

Empiricism and Analytical Theory728

The Action Frame of Reference731

Systems of Action and Their Units737

The Role of Analytical Elements748

The General Status of the Theory of Action753

The Classification of the Sciences of Action757

The Place of Sociology768

BIBLIOGRAPHY777

INDEX795