《论美国民主 英文 7》

AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION3

Chapter ⅠEXTERIOR FORM OF NORTH AMERICA17

Chapter ⅡORIGIN OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS,AND IMPORTANCE OF THIS ORIGIN IN RELATION TO THEIR FUTURE CONDITION26

Reasons for certain anomalies which the laws and cus-toms of the Anglo-Americans present44

Chapter ⅢSOCIAL CONDITION OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS46

The striking characteristic of the social condition of the Anglo-Americans is its essential democracy46

Political consequences of the social condition of the Anglo-Americans53

Chapter ⅣTHE PRINCIPLE OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE OF AMERICA55

Chapter ⅤNECESSITY OF EXAMINING THE CONDITION OF THE STATES BE-FORE THAT OF THE UNION AT LARCE59

The American of stem of townships60

Limits of the township61

Powers of the township in New England62

Life in the township64

Spirit of the townships of New England66

The counties of New England68

The administration of government in New England69

General remarks on administration in the United States79

OF THE STATE83

Legislative power of the state83

The executive power of the state84

Political effects of decentralized administration in the United States85

Chapter ⅥJUDICIAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES,AND ITS INFLUENCE ON POLITICAL SOCIETY98

Others powers granted to American Judges103

Chapter ⅦPOLITICAL JURISDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES106

Chapter ⅧTHE FEDERAL CONSTTTUTION112

History of the Federal Constitution112

Summary of the Federal Constitution114

Powers of the Federal government115

Legislative powers of the Federal government117

A further difference between the Senate and the House of Representatives120

The executive power121

In what the position of a President of the United Statesdiffers from that of a constitutional King of France122

Accidental causes which may increase the influence of executive government126

Why the President of the United States does not need a majority in the two houses in order to carry on the government127

Election of the President127

Mode of election132

Crisis of the election135

Re-election of the President136

Federal courts of justice139

Means of determining the jurisdiction of the Federal courts142

Different cases of jurisdiction144

Procedure of the Federal courts148

High rank of the Supreme Court among the great powers of state150

In'what respects the Federal Constitution is superior to that of the States152

Characteristics of the Federal Constitution of the United States of America as compared with all other Federal constitutions156

Advantages of the Federal system in general,and its spe-cial utility in America159

Why ihe Federal system is not practicable for all nations,and how the Anglo-Americans were enabled to adopt it165

Chapter ⅨHow IT CAN BE STRICTLY SAID THAT THE PEOPLE GOVERN IN THE UNITED STATES173

Chapter ⅩPARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES174

Remains of the aristocratic party in the United States179

Chapter ⅪLIBERTY OF THE PRESS IN THE UNITED STATES181

Chapter ⅫPOLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES191

Chapter ⅩⅢGOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA199

Universal suffrage199

The choice of the people,ard the instinctive preferences of the American democracy200

Causes which may partly correct these tendencies of the democracy202

Influence which the American democracy has exercised on the laws relating to elections205

Public officers under the control of the American democ-racy206

Arbitrary power of magistrates under the rule of the American democracy209

Instability of the administration in the United States211

Charges levied by the state under the rule of the Ameri-can democracy212

Tendencies of the American democracy as regards the salaries of public officers216

Difficulty of distinguishing the causes that incline the American government to economy219

Whether the expenditure of the United States can be compared with that of France219

Corruption and the vices of the rulers in a democracy,and consequent effects upon public morality225

Efforts of which a democracy is capable227

Self-control of the American democracy230

Conduct of foreign affairs by the American democracy232

Chapter ⅩⅣWHAT ARE THE REAL ADVANTAGES WHICH AMERICAN SOCIETY DERIVES FROM A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT237

General tendency of the laws under American democ-racy,and instincts of those who apply them237

Public spirit in the United States241

The idea of rights in the United States244

Respect for law in the United States247

Activity that pervades all parts of the body politic in the United States;influence that it exercises upon society248

Chapter ⅩⅤUNLIMITED POWER OF THE MAJORITY IN THE UNITED STATES,AND ITS CONSEQUENCES254

How the omnipotence of the majority increases,in Amer-ica,the instability of legislation and administration inherent in democracy257

Tyranny of the majority258

Effects of the omnipotence of the majority upon the arbi-trary authority of American public officers262

Power exercised by the majority in America upon opinion263

Effects of the tyranny of the majority upon the national character of the Americans.-The courtier spirit in the United States265

The greatest dangers of the American republics proceed from the omnipotence of the majority268

Chapter ⅩⅥCAUSES WHICH MITIGATE THE TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY IN THE UNITED STATES271

Absence of centralized administration271

The temper of the legal profession in the United States,and how it serves as a counterpoise to democracy272

Trial by jury in the United States considered as a political institution280

Chapter ⅩⅦPRINCIPAL CAUSES WHICH TEND TO MAINTAIN THE DEMO-CRATIC REPUBLIC IN THE UNITED STATES288

Accidental or providential causes which contribute to maintain the democratic republic in the United States288

Influence of the laws upon the maintenance of the demo-cratic republic in the United States299

Influence of customs upon the maintenance of a demo-cratic republic in the United States299

Religion considered as a political institution which pow-erfully contributes to the maintenance of a demo-cratic republic among the Americans300

Indirect influence of religious opinions upon political so-ciety in the United States303

Principal causes which render religion powerful in Amer-ica308

How the education,the habits,and the practical expe-rience of the Americans promote the success of their democratic institutions314

The laws contribute more to the maintenance of the dem-ocratic republic in the United States than the physical circumstances of the country,and the customs more than the laws319

Whether laws and customs are sufficient to maintain democratic institutions in other countries besides America323

Importance of what precedes with respect to the state of Europe326

Chapter ⅩⅧTHE PRESENT AND PROBABLE FUTURE CONDITION OF THE THREE RACES THAT INHABIT THE TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES331

The present and probable future condition of the Indian tribes that inhabit the territory possessed by the Union336

Situation of the black population in the United States,and dangers with which its presence threatens the whites356

What are the chances of duration of the American Union,and what dangers threaten it381

Of the republican institutions of the United States,and what their chances of duration are415

Some considerations on the causes of the commercial prosperity of the United States421

CONCLUSION429

INDEXfollows page434