《货币哲学 英文 1》

Introduction to the Translation1

THE PHILOSOPHY OF MONEYPrcface53

ANALYTICAL PART59

CHAPTER ⅠV:tlue and Money59

Ⅰ59

Reality and value as mutually independent categories through which our conceptions become images of the world59

The psychological fact of objectivc value62

Objeetivity in practice as standardization or as a guarantee for the totality of subjective values64

Economic value as the objectification of subjective values,as a result of establishing distance between the consuming subject and the object65

An analogy with aesthetic value73

Economic activity establishes distances and overcomes them75

Ⅱ79

Exchange as a means of overcoming the purely subjective value significance of an object79

In exchange,objects express their value reciprocally80

The value of an object becomes objectified by exchanging it for another object81

Exchange as a form of life and as the condition of economic value,as a primary economic fact82

Analysis of the theories of utility and scarcity90

Value and price:the socially fixed price as a preliminary stage of the objectively regulated price94

Ⅲ101

Incorporation of economic value and a relativistic world view101

The epistemology of a relativistic world view102

The construction of proofs in infinite series and their rcciprocal legitimation104

The objectivity of truth as well as of value viewed as a relation between subjective elements108

Money as the autonomous manifestation of the exchange relation which transforms desired objects into economic objects,and establishes the substitutability of objects119

Analysis of the nature of money with reference to its value stability,its development and its objectivity122

Money as a reification of the general form of existence according to which things derive their significance from their relationship to each other128

Chapter 2The Value of Money as a Substance131

Ⅰ131

The intrinsic value of money and the measurement of value131

Problems of measurement133

The quantity of effective money137

Does money possess an intrinsic value?142

The development of the purely symbolic character of money146

Ⅱ152

Renunciation of the non-monetary uses of monetary material152

The first argument against money as merely a symbol:the relations of money and goods,which would make an intrinsic value for money superfluous,are not accurately determinable;intrinsic value remedies this deficiency155

The second argument against money as merely a symbol:the un-limited augmentability of monetary symbols;relativistic indiffer-ence to the absolute limits of monetary quantity and the errors to which this indifference leads159

The supply of money161

The reciprocal nature of the limitation that reality places on pure concepts165

Ⅲ168

The historical development of money from substance to function168

Social interactions and their crystallization into separate structures;the common relations of buyer and seller to the social unit as the sociological premise of monetary intercourse170

Monetary policy:largeness and smallness,diffuseness and concen-tration of the economic circle in their significance for the intrinsic character of money172

Social interaction and exchange relations:money's functions:its facilitation of trade,its constancy as a measure of value,its mobilization and condensation of values174

The nature of the economic circle and its significance for money179

The transition to money's general functional character184

The declining significance of money as substance190

The increasing significance of money as value198

Chapter 3Money in the Sequence of Purposes204

Ⅰ204

Action towards an end as the conscious interaction between subject and object204

The varying length of teleological series207

The tool as intensified means209

Money as the purest example of the tool210

The unlimited possibilities for the utilization of money212

The unearned increment of wealth217

The difference between the same amount of money as part of a large and of a small fortune218

Money-because of its character as pure means-as peculiarly congruent with personality types that are not closely united with social groups221

Ⅱ228

The psychological growth of means into ends228

Money as the most extreme example of a means becoming an end232

Money as an end depends upon the cultural tendencies of an epoch232

Psychological consequences of money's teleological position235

Greed and avarice238

Extravagance247

Ascetic poverty251

Cynicism255

The blasé attitude256

Ⅲ258

The quantity of money as its quality259

Subjective differences in amounts of risk260

The qualitatively different consequences of quantitatively altered causes262

The threshold of economic awareness264

Differential sensitivity towards economic stimuli265

Relations between external stimuli and emotional responses in the field of money269

Significance of the personal unity of the owner271

The material and cultural relation of form and amount272

The relation between quantity and quality of things,and the significance of money for this relation277

SYNTHETIC PART283

Chapter 4Individual Freedom283

Ⅰ283

Freedom exists in conjunction with duties283

The gradations of this freedom depend on whether the duties aredirectly personal or apply only to the products of labour284

Money payment as the form most congruent with personal freedom285

The maximization of value through changes in ownership292

Cultural development increases the number of persons on whom one is dependent and the simultaneous decrease in ties to persons viewed as individuals295

Money is responsible for impersonal relations between people,and thus for individual freedom297

Ⅱ303

Possession as activity303

The mutual dependence of having and being306

The dissolving of this dependency by the possession of money307

Lack of freedom as the interweaving of the mental series:this lack at a minimum when the interweaving of either is with the most general of the other series312

Its application to limitations deriving from economic interests314

Freedom as the articulation of the self in the medium of things,thatis,freedom as possession321

The possession of money and the self326

Ⅲ331

Differentiation of person and possession331

Spatial separation and technical objectification through money332

The separation of the total personality from individual work activities and the results of this separation for the evaluation of these work activities334

The development of the individual's independence from the group342

New forms of association brought about by money;the association planned for a purpose343

General relations between a money economy and the principle of individualism347

Chapter 5The Money Equivalent of Personal Values355

Ⅰ355

Wergild355

The transition from the utilitarian to the objective and absolute valuation of the human being357

Punishment by fine and the stages of culture363

The increasing inadequacy of money366

Marriage by purchase370

Marriage by purchase and the value of women372

Division of labour among the sexes,and the dowry374

The typical relation between money and prostitution,its development analogous to that of wergild376

Marriage for money380

Bribery384

Money and the ideal of distinction389

Ⅱ395

The transformation of specific rights into monetary claims395

The enforceability of demands397

The transformation of substantive values into money values399

The negative meaning of freedom and the extirpation of the person-ality400

The difference in value between personal achievement and monetary equivalent404

Ⅲ409

'Labour money'and its rationale409

The unpaid contribution of mental effort411

Differences in types of labour as quantitative differences413

Manual labour as the unit of labour418

The value of physical activity reducible to that of mental activity421

Differences in the utility of labour as arguments against'labour money':the insight into the significance of money thereby afforded425

Chapter 6The Style of Life429

Ⅰ429

The preponderance of intellectual over emotional functions brought about by the money economy429

Lack of character and objectivity of the stylc of life432

The dual roles of both intellect and money;with regard to content they are supra-personal434

The dual roles of intellect and money:With regard to function they are individualistic and egoistic437

Money's relationship to the rationalism of law and logic441

The calculating character of modern times443

Ⅱ446

The concept of culture446

The increase in material culture and the lag in individual culture448

The objectification of the mind452

The division of labour as the cause of the divergence of subjective and objective culture453

The occasional greater weight of subjective culture463

The relation of money to the agents of these opposing tendencies468

Ⅲ470

Alterations in the distance between the self and objecrs as the manifestation of varying styles of life470

Modern tendencies towards the increase and diminution of this distance474

The part played by money in this dual process476

Credit479

The pre-eminence of technology481

The rhythm or symmetry,and its opposite,of the contents of life485

The sequence and simultaneity of rhythm and symmetry488

Analogous developments in money491

The pace of life,its alterations and those of the money supply498

The concentration of monetary activity503

The mobilization of values505

Constancy and flux as categories for comprehending the world,their synthesis in the relative character of existence508

Money as the historical symbol of the relative character of existence510

Afterword:The Constitution of the Text513

Name Index535