《腓力普二世时代的地中海与地中海世界英文》

Preface to the English Edition page13

Preface to the Second Edition14

Preface to the First Edition17

Part OneTHE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT25

Ⅰ．THE PENINSULAS:MOUNTAINS,PLATEAUX,AND PLAINS25

1．Mountains Come First25

Physical and human characteristics25

Defining the mountains30

Mountains,civilizations,and religions34

Mountain freedom38

The mountains'resources:an assessment41

Mountain dwellers in the towns44

Typical cases of mountain dispersion47

Mountain life:the earliest civilization of the Mediterranean?51

2．Plateaux,Hills,and Foothills53

The high plains53

A hillside civilization55

The hills58

3．The Plains60

Water problems:malaria62

The improvement of the plains66

The example of Lombardy72

Big landowners and poor peasants75

Short term change in the plains:the Venetian Terraferma78

Long term change:the fortunes of the Roman Campagna81

The strength of the plains:Andalusia82

4．Transhumance and Nomadism85

Transhumance85

Nomadism,an older way of life87

Transhumance in Castile91

Overall comparisons and cartography94

Dromedaries and camels:the Arab and Turk invasions95

Nomadism in the Balkans,Anatolia,and North Africa98

Cycles spanning the centuries101

Ⅱ．THE HEART OF THE MEDITERRANEAN:SEAS AND COASTS103

1．The Plains of the Sea103

Coastal navigation103

The early days of Portuguese discovery108

The narrow seas,home of history108

The Black Sea,preserve of Constantinople110

The Archipelago,Venetian and Genoese115

Between Tunisia and Sicily116

The Mediterranean Channel117

The Tyrrhenian Sea120

The Adriatic124

East and west of Sicily133

Two maritime worlds134

The double lesson of the Turkish and Spanish Empires135

Beyond politics137

2．Mainland Coastlines138

The peoples of the sea138

Weaknesses of the maritime regions140

The big cities145

The changing fortunes of maritime regions146

3．The Islands148

Isolated worlds149

Precarious lives151

On the paths of general history154

Emigration from the islands158

Islands that the sea does not surround160

The Peninsulas162

Ⅲ．BOUNDARIES:THE GREATER MEDITERRANEAN168

A Mediterranean of historical dimensions168

1．The Sahara,the Second Face of the Mediterranean171

The Sahara:near and distant boundaries171

Poverty and want173

Nomads who travel far176

Advance and infiltration from the steppe177

The gold and spice caravans181

The oases185

The geographical area of Islam187

2．Europe and the Mediterranean188

The isthmuses and their north-south passages188

The Russian isthmus:leading to the Black and Caspian Sea191

From the Balkans to Danzig:the Polish isthmus195

The German isthmus:an overall view202

The Alps206

The third character:the many faces of Germany208

From Genoa tO Antwerp,and from Venice to Hamburg:the conditions of circulation211

Emigration and balance of trade214

The French isthmus,from Rouen to Marseilles216

Europe and the Mediterranean223

3．The Atlantic Ocean224

Several Atlantics224

The Atlantic learns from the Mediterranean225

The Atlantic destiny in the sixteeth century226

A late decline230

Ⅳ．THE MEDITERRANEAN AS A PHYSICAL UNIT:CLIMATE AND HISTORY231

1．The Unity of the Climate231

The Atlantic and the Sahara232

A homogeneous climate234

Drought:the scourge of the Mediterranean238

2．The Seasons246

The winter standstill246

Shipping at a halt248

Winter:season of peace and plans253

The hardships of winter255

The accelerated rhythm of summer life256

The summer epidemics258

The Mediterranean climate and the East259

Seasonal rhythms and statistics260

Determinism and economic life265

3．Has the Climate Changed Since the Sixteenth Century?267

Supplementary note272

Ⅴ．THE MEDITERRANEAN AS A HUMAN UNIT:COMMUNICATIONS AND CITIES276

1．Land Routes and Sea Routes276

Vital communications278

Archaic means of transport282

Did land routes increase in importance towards 1600?284

The intrinsic problem of the overland route289

Two sets of evidence from Venice290

Circulation and statistics:the case of Spain293

The double problem in the long term295

2．Shipping:Tonnages and Changing Circumstances295

Big ships and little ships in the fifteenth century299

The first victories of the small ships300

In the Atlantic in the sixteenth century301

In the Mediterranean306

3．Urban Functions312

Towns and Roads312

A meeting place for different transport routes316

From roads to banking318

Urban cycle and decline322

A very incomplete typology323

4．Towns,Witnesses to the Century324

The rise in population326

Hardships old and new:Famine and the wheat problem328

Hardships old and new:epidemics332

The indispensable immigrant334

Urban political crises338

The privileged banking towns341

Royal and imperial cities344

In favour of capitals351

From permanence to change352

Part TwoCOLLECTIVE DESTINIES AND GENERAL TRENDS355

Ⅰ．ECONOMIES:THE MEASURE OF THE CENTURY355

1．Distance,the First Enemy355

For letter-writers:the time lost in coming and going355

The dimensions of the sea:some record crossings358

Average speeds360

Letters:a special case363

News,a luxury commodity365

Present-day comparisons370

Empires and distance371

The three missions of Claude du Bourg(1576 and 1577)374

Distance and the economy375

Fairs,the supplementary network of economic life379

Local economies382

The quadrilateral:Genoa,Milan,Venice,and Florence387

2．How Many People?394

A world of 60 or 70 million people394

Mediterranean waste lands398

A population increase of 100 per cent?402

Levels and indices403

Reservations and conclusions410

Confirmations and suggestions412

Some certainties413

Another indicator:migration415

3．Is It Possible to Construct a Model of the Mediterranean Economy?418

Agriculture,the major industry420

An industrial balance sheet427

The putting-out or'Verlag'system and the rise of urban industry430

The system prospered432

An itinerant labour force433

General and local trends434

The volume of commercial transactions438

The significance and limitations of long distance trade441

Capitalist concentrations444

The total tonnage of Mediterranean shipping445

Overland transport448

The State:the principal entrepreneur of the century449

Precious metals and the monetary economy451

Was one fifth of the population in great poverty?453

A provisional classification457

Food,a poor guide:officially rations were always adequate459

Can our calculations be checked?460

Ⅱ．ECONOMIES:PRECIOUS METALS,MONEY,AND PRICES462

1．The Mediterranean and the Gold of the Sudan463

The flow of precious metals towards the east463

Sudanese gold:early history466

The Portuguese in Guinea:gold continues to arrive in the Mediterranean469

The gold trade and the general economic situation472

Sudanese gold in North Africa474

2．American Silver476

American and Spanish treasure476

American treasure takes the road to Antwerp480

The French detour484

The great route from Barcelona to Genoa and the second cycle of American treasure487

The Mediterranean invaded by Spanish Coins493

Italy,the victim of'la moneda larga'496

The age of the Genoese500

The Piacenza fairs504

The reign of paper508

From the last state bankruptcy under Philip Ⅱ to the first under Philip Ⅲ510

3．The Rise in Prices516

Contemporary complaints519

Was American treasure responsible?521

Some arguments for and against American responsibility522

Wages524

Income from land525

Banks and in flation528

The'industrialists'532

States and the price rise532

The dwindling of American treasure536

Devalued currency and false currency537

Three ages of metal541

Ⅲ．ECONOMIES:TRADE AND TRANSPORT543

1．The Pepper Trade543

Mediterranean revenge:the prosperity of the Red Sea after 1550545

Routes taken by the Levant trade549

The revival of the Portuguese pepper trade554

Portuguese pepper:deals and projects556

Portuguese pepper is offered to Venice558

The Welser and Fugger contract:1586-1591560

The survival of the Levantine spice routes562

Possible explanations568

2．Equilibrium and Crisis in the Mediterranean Grain Trade570

The cereals570

Some rules of the grain trade571

The grain trade and the shipping routes576

Ports and countries that exported grain579

Eastern grain583

Equilibrium,crisis,and vicissitudes in the grain trade584

The first crisis:northern grain at Lisbon and Seville585

The Turkish wheat boom:1548-1564591

Eating home-produced bread:Italy's situation between 1564 and 1590594

The last crisis:imports from the north after 1500599

Sicily:still the grain store of the Mediterranean602

On grain crises604

3．Trade and Transport:The Sailing Ships of the Atlantic606

Ⅰ．Before 1550:the first arrivals606

Basque,Biscayan,and even Galician ships607

The Portuguese608

Normans and Bretons609

Flemish ships612

The first English sailing ships612

The period of prosperity(1511-1534)613

Ⅱ．From 1550 to 1573:the Mediterranean left to Mediterranean ships615

The return of the English in 1572-1573621

Anglo-Turkish negotiations:1578-1583625

The success of English shipping626

The situation at the end of the century628

The arrival of the Hansards and the Dutch629

From grain to spices:The Dutch conquer the Mediterranean630

How the Dutch took Seville after 1570 without firing a shot636

New Christians in the Mediterranean640

Abbreviations642