《Introduction to Social Statistics》求取 ⇩

Chapter 1THE SUBJECT OF SOCIAL STATISTICS1

Introduction1

What Is Statistics About？1

How Important Is Statistics to Social Research？4

How Important Is Mathematics to Statistics？7

How Does the Computer Deal with Data？7

A Review of Basic Arithmetic Procedures10

Summary16

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas17

Chapter 2MEASUREMENT AND DATA DISPLAY21

Introduction21

What Is Measurement？21

Displaying Data27

Summary46

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas48

Chapter 3NUMERICAL SUMMARIES OF DISTRIBUTIONS56

Introduction56

Measures of Central Tendency57

Measures of Variation66

Summary77

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas78

Chapter 4A CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION：THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION84

Introduction84

The Role of Probability85

The Normal Probability Distribution88

Skewness and Kurtosis95

Summary98

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas99

Chapter 5A DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION105

Introduction105

Characteristics of the Binomial Distribution105

The Model and Its Application106

Transforming the Binomial to Continuous Form112

Summary115

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas116

Chapter 6THE BASIS OF STATISTICAL INFERENCE119

Introduction119

Random Sampling119

Accuracy and Error in Sampling121

The Logic of Statistical Inference123

Point Estimates of μ129

Interval Estimates of μ131

Confidence Limits and Sample Size134

Confidence Limits for Proportions136

Summary137

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas138

Chapter 7TESTING HYPOTHESES144

Introduction144

What Is a Hypothesis？144

The Level of Significance146

Testing the Hypotheses148

The Risk of Error151

Summary155

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas155

Chapter 8TESTING THE GOODNESS OF FIT159

Introduction159

Parametric and Nonparametric Tests160

The Goodness of Fit for Continuous Variables：Parametric Tests160

The Goodness of Fit of Discrete Variables：Nonparametric Tests167

Summary173

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas173

Chapter 9COMPARING TWO CONTINUOUS MEASURES：PARAMETRIC TEST178

Introduction178

Some Background on Group Comparisons179

Comparing Two Independent Measures181

Comparing Two Dependent Measures188

Summary193

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas193

Chapter 10COMPARING TWO DISCRETE MEASURES：NONPARAMETRIC TEST200

Introduction200

Comparing Two Independent Ordinal Measures201

Comparing Two Dependent Ordinal Measures209

Comparing Two Independent Nominal Measures212

Comparing Two Dependent Nominal Variables218

Summary220

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas220

Chapter 11COMPARING MORE THAN TWO MEASURES：ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE227

Introduction227

One-Way ANOVA：The F Test228

Two-Way ANOVA234

Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA243

The Friedman Two-Way ANOVA245

Summary247

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas247

Chapter 12LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION253

Introduction253

Regression Analysis254

Correlation Analysis270

Summary282

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas283

Chapter 13TESTING THE ASSOCIATION OF DISCRETE DATA289

Introduction289

Measures of Association289

Measuring the Association of Ordinal Data293

Measuring the Association of Nominal Data300

Summary306

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas307

SELECTED ANSWERS TO EXERCISES312

Appendix318

Table 1：Areas under the Normal Curve318

Table 2：Areas under the Binomial Curve319

Table 3：Critical Values of T322

Table 4：Critical Value of D for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov One-Sample Test323

Table 5：Critical Values of Chi-Square324

Table 6a：Critical Values for the Mann-Whitney U Test（For Samples Where neither n1 nor n2＜8）325

Table 6b：Critical Values for Mann-Whitney U Test（For Samples Where n1≤20 and n2＞9≤20）328

Table 7：Critical Values for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Two-Sample D332

Table 8：Critical Values for Wilcoxon T333

Table 9：Distribution of F334

Table 10a：Critical Values for Correlation Coefficients338

Table 10b：Critical Values of r rho（Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient）n，Number of Pairs339

Table 11：Transformation of r to z340

Table 12：Random Numbers342

Table 13：Squares and Square Roots346

INDEXES359

Name Index359

Subject Index361