《the antiquity of disease》

INTRODUCTION Historical Sketch. Nature of Ancient Diseases. Disease as a Factor in Extinction1

Ⅰ. PALEOPATHOLOGY Paleontology and Medical History11

Ⅱ. ANCIENT BACTERIA AND THE BEGINNINGS OF DISEASE Thread Molds and Bacteria in the Devonian. Bacteria in the American Permian. Mesozoic Bacteria. The Origin of Parasitism and the Nature of Disease during the Paleozoic21

Ⅲ. PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCES OF THE ANTIQUITY OFDISEASE Carboniferous. Permian. Triassic. Jurassic. Comanchean. Cretaceous. Eocene. Oligocene. Miocene. Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Recent. Table of Geological Evidences38

Ⅳ. CERTAIN EXAMPLES OF FOSSIL PATHOLOGY Osteomyelitis in the Permian. Vertebrae of a Dinosaur Exhibiting a Pathological Lesion. Spondylitis Deformans in the Dinosaurs. Spondylitis Deformans in Eocene Mammals. An Ankylosed Elbow Joint in an Eocene Mammal. A Subperiosteal Abscess. American Cave B ears. Pathology of the Clam. Caries. Regeneration. Necrosis. Fractures. Multiple Arthritis in a Mosasaur. Opisthotonos. Mesozoic Pathology59

Ⅴ. DISEASE AND INJURY AMONG FOSSIL MEN AND THE BEGINNINGS OF SURGERY Syphilis among Ancient Men. Stone Cultures and the Age of the Human Race84

Ⅵ. PRIMITIVE SURGERY Stone Age Man's Cure for Headache. Trephining. Use of the Cautery. Scarification. Amputation of Fingers and Other Mutilations. Primitive Surgery in the Land of the Incas. Surgery among the Pre-Columbian Indians of North America. Surgery in Ancient Egypt96

Ⅶ. PATHOLOGY OF PRIMITIVE HUMAN RACES Diseases of the Ancient Egyptians. An Eruption Resembling Smallpox. Early Evidences of Schistosomiasis. Hydrocephalus in Early Egypt. A Psoas Abscess. A Pelvic Osteosarcoma. Osseous Lesions in Ancient Egyptians. Symmetric Osteoporosis of the Skull. Rickets in Ancient Egypt. Diseases of the Ancient Peruvians. Pathology of the Pre-Columbian Indians of North America115

INDEX145

1. Types of Cambrian Animals17

2. Carboniferous Bacteria and Fungi29

3. An Example of Paleozoic Pathology32

4. Examples of Paleozoic Parasitism34

5. A Long-spined Permian Reptile40

6. The Oldest Fracture43

7. Humerus of Mosasaur Showing Pathology47

8. Photomicrographs of Osseous Lesions48

9. A Cretaceous Osteoma49

10. Fracture of Rib of Mastodon52

11. Pleistocene Pathology54

12. Section of a Reptilian Spine Showing Osteomyelitis62

13. Dermal Armor of Stegosaurus Showing Necrosis69

14. Fracture of the Snout of a Long-headed Reptile70

15. Skeleton of Steneosaurus Exhibiting Opisthotonos73

16. Photomicrographs of Normal and Pathologic Fossil Bone75

17. Skeleton of Camptosaurus Showing Necrosis79

18. Osteomyelitis in the Tail of a Dinosaur81

19. A Neolithic Trephined Skull85

20. An Ancient Arrow Point Injury88

21. A Case of Neolithic Pott's Disease90

22. Rondelles99

23. A Female Skull from Peru Showing Effect of Cautery103

24. Ancient Peruvian Trephined Skulls107

25. Primitive Surgical Instruments from Peru108

26. A Set of Primitive Splints from Ancient Egypt111

27. Osteoporosis of the Skull127

28. Cribra cranii interna128

29. Diseased Limb Bones from Ancient Peru132

30. A Cranial Osteoma133

31. Ancient Peruvian Pottery Showing Lesions of Uta134

32. Indian Bones Showing Well-healed Lesions136

33. Indian Skull with Arrow Point138

34. A Suggestion of Pott's Disease139

35. Arthritis Deformans140

36. Osteomyelitis in the American Bison141