《Restitution》求取 ⇩

Chapter 1: The Evolution of the Law1

1. Terminology: From Quasi-contract to Restitution1

2. Development of the Law in England3

(a) Early Fusion of Law and Equity3

(b) Subsequent Common Law Development4

(ⅰ) Account5

(ⅱ) Debt6

(ⅲ) Indebitatus Assumpsit7

(c) Later History7

(ⅰ)Chief Justice Holt7

(ⅱ)Lord Mansfield9

(ⅲ) Sinclair v.Brougham9

(ⅳ) After Sinclair v.Brougham10

3. Emergence of a Canadian Law of Restitution12

(a) The Deglman Case12

(b) Subsequent Decisions13

(c) Lines of Growth15

(d) Acceptance of Unjust Enrichment16

Chapter 2: The Foundations of Liability21

1. The Scope of Restitution21

(a) Recovery of Money21

(b) Restitution,Reimbursement and Recompense23

(c) Officious Behaviour25

(d) Accountability and Wrongdoing26

2. Restitution and Unjust Enrichment28

3. The Content of Unjust Enrichment30

(a) Diversity of Views30

(b) An Alternative to “Benefit”33

4. Justifications36

(a) Legal and Non-legal Values36

(b) Legal Values37

(c) Non-legal Values38

(d) A Possible Synthesis40

Chapter 3: Recovery of Money Paid Under a Mistake of Fact43

1. Mistake in Restitution and Contract43

2. The Rationale of Recovery47

3. The Elements of Recovery50

(a) Mistake52

(b) Of Fact57

(c) Mistake and Causation59

(d) Privity62

(e) A Mistaken Obligation68

(f) The Effect of the Payer’s Conduct76

(ⅰ) Negligence77

(ⅱ) Estoppel79

(g) Change of Circumstances85

(h) An Equitable Claim87

4. The Extent of Recovery90

Chapter 4: Recovery of Money Paid Under a Mistake of Law93

1. Introduction93

2. The Original Position94

(a) Non-recovery94

(b) Exceptional Instances of Recovery96

3. The Nepean Case100

4. The Air Canada Case105

5. The Aftermath of Air Canada108

Chapter 5: Recovery at Common Law of Money Paid Under Compulsion111

1. Duress111

(a) As a Basis of Recovery111

(b) Elements of Recovery112

(ⅰ) Compulsion112

(ⅱ) The Defendant’s Act113

(ⅲ) Protest114

(ⅳ) Lack of Alternative115

2. Duress of Person118

3. Duress of Property122

4. Duress Colore Officii124

5. Practical Compulsion128

6. Economic Duress137

Chapter 6: Equitable and Statutory Extensions of Compulsion141

1. Introduction141

2. Undue Influence142

3. Unconscionability145

4. Statutory Relief150

(a) Unconscionable Transactions150

(b) Unfair Business Practices151

Chapter 7: Recovery of Money Paid Under Ineffective Contracts153

1. Introduction153

(a) Contract and Restitution153

(b) Failure of Consideration155

(c) The Ambiguity of Consideration156

(d) Consideration in Restitution157

2. Anticipated Contracts158

(a) The Relevance of Restitution158

(b) Deposits160

3. Unenforceable Contracts161

(a) Contracts Under the Statute of Frauds161

(b) The Case Law163

(c) Other Contracts165

4. Contracts Affected by Lack of Capacity166

(a) Categories of Invalidity166

(b) Contracts with Minors167

(ⅰ) Claims by the Minor167

(ⅱ) Claims by the Adult171

(c) Contracts with Those Lacking Mental Competence174

(d) Contracts with Drunkards175

(e) Contracts with Corporations176

5. Invalid Contracts179

(a) Invalidity Under Statute179

(b) Contracts Made without Authority183

6. Illegal Contracts185

(a) The Principle of Non-recovery185

(b) When Recovery is Allowed186

(ⅰ) Where the Claim is Not Founded on the Illegal Transaction186

(ⅱ) Where the Plaintiff Repents188

(ⅲ) Where the Parties are Not in pari delicto188

(c) Illegality and Unjust Enrichment193

7. Voidable Contracts195

(a) Instances of Voidability195

(b) The Notion of Rescission196

(c) Rescission for Misrepresentation198

(d) Recovery of Money200

(e) Restitution and Adjustment203

8. Frustrated Contracts205

(a) At Common Law205

(b) Under Statute206

9. Broken Contracts209

(a) The Basis of Restitutionary Relief209

(b) Recovery by the Innocent Party212

(c) Recovery by the Guilty Party215

Chapter 8: Recovery of Money Transferred Under an Ineffective Gift221

Chapter 9: Recovery of Money Paid to a Third Party225

1. Introduction225

(a) Reimbursement or Recoupment225

(b) Contribution227

2. Instances of Contribution230

(a) Co-sureties230

(ⅰ) The Right to Contribution230

(ⅱ) Amount of Contribution231

(ⅲ) Loss of the Right to Contribution232

(b) Joint Contractors235

(c) Insurers236

(d) Other Co-obligors237

(ⅰ) Trustees237

(ⅱ) Directors238

(e) Tortfeasors239

(f) General Average240

3. Compulsory Discharge of Another’s Liability242

(a) Introduction242

(b) Requirements for Recovery244

(ⅰ) A Compellable Payment244

(ⅱ) An Unoffious Payment251

(ⅲ) Discharge of the Defendant’s Liability255

(ⅳ) Primary Liability of the Defendant257

(c) Right of Deduction258

4. Attornment259

Chapter 10: Recovery for Work or Services263

1. Introduction263

(a) The General Rule263

(b) Qualifications of the General Rule264

2. Necessitous Intervention266

(a) Agency of Necessity266

(ⅰ) Scope of the Doctrine266

(ⅱ) Requirements of the Doctrine269

(ⅲ) Effect of the Doctrine270

(b) Necessitous Intervention by a Stranger271

(ⅰ) Preservation of Life and Health271

(ⅱ) Supplying of Necessaries to Minors,Mental Incompetents,and Drunkards273

(ⅲ) Preservation of Credit275

(ⅳ) Preservation of Property276

(c) Fulfillment of Another’s Duty279

(ⅰ) To Bury the Dead279

(ⅱ) To Support a Dependent280

(d) Salvage281

(ⅰ) The Right to Claim281

(ⅱ) Who May Claim282

(ⅲ) Amount of Claim284

(ⅳ) Salvage Agreements284

3. Work and Services Performed Without a Contract285

(a) General Principles285

(ⅰ) Quantum Meruit285

(ⅱ) Origins of Quantum Meruit287

(ⅲ) Duality of Quantum Meruit289

(ⅳ) Restitutionary Quantum Meruit290

(b) Prerequisites for Recovery292

(ⅰ) Intention to be Compensated292

(ⅱ) A Special Relationship294

(ⅲ) Request294

(ⅳ) Acquiescence296

(c) An Inapplicable Theory299

(d) Particular Examples300

(ⅰ) Anticipated Contracts300

(ⅱ) Unenforceable Contracts303

(e) Contracts Affected by Lack of Capacity305

(ⅰ) Ultra Vires Contracts305

(ⅱ) Contracts with Minors307

(f) Invalid Contracts308

(ⅰ) Uncertainty308

(ⅱ) Mistake308

(ⅲ) Statutory Invalidity310

(ⅳ) Contracts Made without Authority310

(g) Illegal Contracts311

(h) Frustrated Contracts313

(ⅰ) Broken Contracts315

(ⅱ) Claims by the Innocent Party315

(ⅲ) Claims by the Guilty Party318

(j) Services Extrinsic to the Contract321

(ⅰ) Non-recovery321

(ⅱ) Recover323

(k) Services Rendered in Anticipation of a Legacy329

(l) Services Rendered in Cases of Matrimonial or Equivalent Relationships332

(m) Improvements to the Land or Chattels of Another334

(ⅰ) Land334

(ⅱ) Chattels344

(n) Quantum Meruit Claims Arising out of a Principal-Agent Relationship347

3. Conclusion349

Chapter 11: Recovery of Money Acquired Through Wrongdoing351

1. Crimes351

(a) General Principles351

(b) Succession to Property on Death353

2. Torts355

(a) Waiver of Tort355

(b) Torts that Can be Waived358

(c) Election365

(d) Relevance of Waiver of Tort367

3. Equitable Wrongdoing367

(a) Breach of Duty by a Fiduciary367

(ⅰ) Introduction367

(ⅱ) The Concept of Fiduciary369

(ⅲ) Fiduciary Duties373

(ⅳ) Remedies380

(b) Breach of Confidence385

(ⅰ) Principles of Liability385

(ⅱ) Confidential Information386

(ⅲ) Confidential Communication388

(ⅳ) Unautherised Use389

(ⅴ) Defences390

(ⅵ) Remedies391

Chapter 12: Remedies395

1. Introduction395

(a) The Common Law395

(ⅰ) Monetary Claims395

(ⅱ) Damages395

(b) Equity396

(c) The Present Situation398

2. Subrogation398

(a) Meaning398

(b) Features399

(c) Scope402

(ⅰ) Sureties402

(ⅱ) Insurance404

(ⅲ) Business Creditors408

(ⅳ) Bills of Exchange409

(v) Other Situations409

3. Tracing417

(a) A Proprietary Remedy417

(b) Tracing at Common Law419

(ⅰ) Land419

(ⅱ) Goods419

(ⅲ) Money421

(c) Tracing in Equity423

(ⅰ) A Fiduciary Relationship424

(ⅱ) The Limits of Recovery429

(ⅲ) The Mechanics of Tracing431

4. Constructive Trust434

(a) Nature and Effect434

(b) Substantive Constructive Trust435

(c) Emergence of the Remedial Constructive Trust437

(d) Wider Use440

(e) Problems444

Chapter 13: Defences447

1. Introduction: The Boundaries of Recovery447

2. Res Judicata448

(a) Meaning448

(b) Application to Restitution449

3. Election450

4. Bona Fide Purchase451

(a) Application451

(b) Notice453

(c) A Personal Defence454

5. Estoppel454

(a) Nature of the Defence454

(b) Elements of the Defence455

(c) Effect457

(d) Estoppel and Change of Position458

6. Change of Position458

(a) Availability458

(b) Nature of the Defence460

(c) Scope of the Defence462

(d) Effect of the Defence464

(e) Two Special Cases464

(ⅰ) Agency464

(ⅱ) Bills of Exchange466

7. Limitation469

(a) Purpose and Nature of the Law469

(b) Statutory Limitation471

(c) Equitable Limitation473

Index477

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