《THE CONCEPT OF ALEGAL SYSTEM》求取 ⇩

INTRODUCTION1

Ⅰ.AUSTIN’S THEORY OF LEGAL SYSTEM5

1.Sovereignty6

2.Existence Criteria11

3.An Identity Criterion18

4.The Structure of a Legal System22

Ⅱ.AUSTIN’S THEORY: CRITICISM27

1.The Illimitability of Sovereignty27

2.On Personal Obedience33

3.The Unity of Sovereignty35

4.On Legislation38

5.On Independence41

Ⅲ.ELEMENTS OF A THEORY OF NORMS44

1.Normative Statements45

2.The Elements of a Norm50

A.Bentham’s Account of the Structure of a Norm50

B.Kelsen on the Structure of a Norm59

3.The Existence of Norms60

A.Derivative Creation-Conditions61

B.Derivative Termination-Conditions62

C.Original Existence-Conditions64

Ⅳ.ON THE INDIVIDUATION OF LAWS70

1.The Problem of Individuation70

2.Kelsen’s Approach to the Individuation of Laws77

3.Kelsen versus Bentham - a Comparison85

Ⅴ.KELSEN’S THEORY OF LEGAL SYSTEM93

1.The Existence of a Legal System93

2.The Criterion of Identity95

3.The Criterion of Identity - the Role of the Basic Norm100

4.The Criterion of Identity - the Chain of Validity105

5.The Structure of a Legal System109

A.Two Alternative Principles of Individuation110

B.The Possibility of Projecting One Classifi- cation onto the Other111

C.The Primacy of the Static Principle112

6.On Independent Norms114

Ⅵ.LEGAL SYSTEMS AS SYSTEMS OF NORMS121

1.Imperative Norms122

2.The Basic Norm and Dynamic Justification128

3.The Structure of a System and the Individuation of its Laws140

A.Limiting Requirements142

B.Guiding Requirements143

4.Duty-Imposing Laws147

5.Power-Conferring Laws156

A.Note on Obedience Laws166

Ⅶ.LEGAL SYSTEMS AS SYSTEMS OF LAWS168

1.On the Normativity of the Law168

2.On Permissions170

3.On Laws Instituting Rights175

4.Genetic and Operative Structure183

A.Note on Coercive Sanctions185

Ⅷ.THE IDENTITY OF LEGAL SYSTEMS187

1.The Identity of Non-momentary Legal Systems187

2.Identity and Membership in Momentary Legal Systems189

3.On the Rule of Recognition197

A.Note on Laws and Paper Laws201

Ⅸ.ON THE EXISTENCE OF LEGAL SYSTEMS203

1.On the Principle of Efficacy203

2.Some Further Suggestions205

POSTSCRIPT: SOURCES, NORMATIVITY, AND INDIVIDUATION209

BIBLIOGRAPHY239

INDEX243

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