《PROTECTION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS A PRIVATE LAW STUDY OF SAFEGUARDING DEVICES IN INTERNATIONAL CRISI》

INTRODUCTION1

A.General Considerations1

B.The Falklands Crisis4

Trading with the Enemy Act 1939(Great Britain)7

Emergency Laws(Re-enactments and Repeals)Ac 196416

THE CANADIAN TRADING WITH THE ENEMY ACT31

An Act to continue the Revised Regulations respecting Trading with the Enemy(1943)33

THE TREATMENT OF PRIVATE ENEMY PROPERTY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA51

United States Code Title 50.War and National Defense.Trading with the Enemy Act of 191768

Form ACP-1A(Notice of Claim for Return of Property)122

THE CONTROL TEST AND THE INTERHANDEL CASE141

Existing American Control Mechanisms for Foreign Assets147

Foreign Assets Control Regulations154

Presidential Memorandum of August 20,1986:Extension of the Exercise of Certain Authorities under the Trading with the Enemy Act.201

United States Code Title 50.War and National Defense202

Chapter 34:National Emergencies202

Chapter 35:International Emergency Economic Powers206

Executive Order 12543 of January 7,1986:Prohibiting Trade and Certain Transactions Involving Libya210

Executive Order 12544 of January 8,1986:Blocking Libyan Government Property in the United States or Held by US Persons212

Notice of December 23,1986:Continuation of Libyan Emergency213

Executive Order 12613 of October 29,1987:Prohibiting Imports from Iran214

Executive Order 12588 of March 18,1987:Action Against Certain Assets of Disputed Title216

REPORTING AND LICENSING REQUIREMENTS219

Report of Blocked Property(Form TDF 90-22.25 of the Office of Foreign Assets Control)225

Application for a License(Form TDF 90-22.8(03-82)of the Treasury Department - Foreign Assets Control)242

EXTRATERRITORIAL EFFECT OF CONFISCATION AND EXPROPRIATION245

THE EFFECT OF EXCHANGE CONTROL REGULATIONS261

A.General Considerations261

B.Ⅰ.United States of America262

Ⅱ.Great Britain263

Ⅲ.France264

Ⅳ.Switzerland264

Ⅴ.Germany265

B.Article VIII 2(b)of the Bretton Woods Agreement265

DUAL STRUCTURE OF COMPANIES267

Nestle Alimentana S.A.270

Hoffmann - La Roche271

The Philips Trust271

SAS272

Unilever272

TRANSFER OF THE DOMICILE OF LEGAL ENTITIES AS A PROTECTIVE MEASURE275

A.Introduction275

B.The Nationality of a Legal Entity276

C.Effectiveness of Decisions to Transfer the Domicile277

D.The Legislation concerning Transfer of Domicile during the Second World War279

E.Transfer of Domicile Legislation after the Second World War284

Ⅰ.Switzerland284

Decree of the Federal Council concerning Precautionary Protection Measures of Juridic Persons,Partnership Firms and Singly Owned Firms(of 12 April 1957)289

Ⅱ.Canada300

a)Federal Legislation300

b)Province of Ontario301

c)Province of New Brunswick301

Foreign Resident Corporations Act of 29 June 1984303

Ⅲ.US State of Delaware311

House Bill No.565,Chapter 321,Laws of 1984314

Ⅳ.US States of Nebraska,Utah,Wyoming320

Ⅴ.Panama320

Ⅵ.Australia320

Ⅶ.Turks and Caicos Islands321

Extract from the Companies Ordinance of 1981323

Ⅷ.Vanuata327

Ⅸ.Netherlands Antilles330

National Law on the Voluntary Transfer of Seat of Legal Entities of 1981330

Ⅹ.Nevis343

The Nevis Business Corporation Ordinance of 1981345

Ⅺ.Miscellaneous351

TRANSBORDER MERGERS353

FAIL SAFE DEVICES359

THE TRUST AND THE CIVIL LAW363

Ⅰ.History of the Trust as Legal Institute363

Ⅱ.Uses and Trusts365

Ⅲ.Definition of the Trust366

Ⅳ.The Trust in Civil Law'Enclaves'366

Ⅴ.Reception of the Trust in Continental European Legal Systems367

Ⅵ.Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition369

THE COMMON LAW TRUST AS A FAIL SAFE DEVICE373

Ⅰ.General Principles373

Ⅱ.The Trust and the American Trading with the Enemy Legislation374

Ⅲ.Protection Against Unwanted Influence of Home Countries375

Ⅳ.An Example for the Structuring of a Fail Safe Trust375

Ⅴ.The Trust Domicile378

Ⅵ.The Company Law of the Home Country379

A.Switzerland379

B.The Netherlands380

C.Federal Republic of Germany381

Ⅶ.Fail Safe Trust and Tax Law381

BASIC FEATURES OF A TRUST AGREEMENT383

Ⅰ.Trust Institutions384

A.The Trustees384

B.The Council386

C.Advisory Committee387

D.Competency to Serve as a Member of One of the Trust Institutions388

Ⅱ.The Irrevocable Trust388

Ⅲ.Consequences of Irrevocability392

VOTING TRUSt397

Ⅰ.The Legal Nature of the Voting Trust397

Ⅱ.The Voting Trust as Fail Safe Device398

THE POWER OF ATTORNEY AS A FAIL SAFE DEVICE403

DECANTING DEVICES407

PROOF OF OWNERSHIP AND DOCUMENTATION417

INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND PROTECTION OF TRADE NAMES421

A.Patents421

Ⅰ.United States Policy during and after the First World War421

Ⅱ.United States Patent Policy of the Second World War422

Vesting of Certain Patents(Vesting Order Number 27 of 18 June 1942)424

Vesting Order Number 5930 of 18 February 1946425

B.Trademarks427

Ⅰ.Legal Attitude Before the First World War427

Ⅱ.Trademarks and Corporate Names428

Ⅲ.Trademarks and Transfer of Domicile429

Ⅳ.Recent U.S.Decisions430

Ⅴ.Contractual Protection432

Ⅵ.Trust as Protection?433

C.The Right on Company Names434

Ⅰ.General Considerations434

Ⅱ.Contractual Protection435

Ⅲ.Approval of Host Country Authorities436

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY437