《THE GATT URUGUAY ROUND A NEGOTIATING HISTORY（1986-1994） VOLUME IV：THE END GAME（PATR I）》

Agriculture1

Ⅰ.Introduction3

Ⅱ.Chronology of the Final Stage of Negotiations3

Ⅲ.Key Issues in the Final Stage of the Negotiations17

A. Request to Modify Volume-Based Special-Safeguard Provisions17

B. Resolution of the Market-Access Dilemma in Japan and Korea19

1. Korean Compromise19

2. Japan Concession21

3. The Market-Access Commitments22

C. Renegotiation of Blair House Agreement24

1. Internal Support24

a. Exemption from Reduction Commitments24

b. Insulation from WTO Challenges and Countervailing Duty Actions25

2. Market Access and Tariffication26

3. Export Subsidies27

D. Canada′s Partial Split from Cairns Group with Respect to Import Quotas For Supply-Management Products28

E. Special Treatment of Developing and Net-Food-Importing Countries30

F. “Zero-for-Zero” Proposal on Oilseeds31

Ⅳ.Textual Changes from the Dunkel Draft to the Final Agreement33

A. Overview of the Agreement42

B. Specific Changes to the Text of the SPS Agreement44

Ⅴ.Review of Market-Access Commitments of Selected Countries45

A. United States45

B. European Union48

C. Canada52

D. Australia54

Ⅵ.Conclusion55

A. Consistency with Original Negotiating Objectives55

B. Concluding Remarks57

Annexes59

Comparison of Agriculture Provisions61

GATT Documents167

Bibliography169

GATT Articles183

Ⅰ.Understanding on the Interpretation of Article Ⅱ.1（B）184

Ⅱ.Understanding on the Interpretation of Article ⅩⅦ186

Ⅲ.Understanding on the Balance-of-Payments Provisions187

Ⅳ.Understanding on the Interpretation of Article ⅩⅩⅣ189

Ⅴ.Understanding in Respect of Waivers of Obligations （Article ⅩⅩⅤ）191

Ⅵ.Understanding on the Interpretation of Article ⅩⅩⅧ192

Ⅶ.Conclusion： The Punta Del Este Agenda193

Annex： GATT Documents195

Bibliography199

Customs Valuations203

Ⅰ.Changes in Dispute Settlement205

Ⅱ.Special Rules for Developing Countries207

Ⅲ.Other Annex Ⅲ Provisions208

Ⅳ.Incorporated Ministerial Decisions209

Ⅴ.“Final Provisions”211

Annex： GATT Documents213

Bibliography217

Subsidies and Countervailing Measures219

Ⅰ.Final Negotiations： December 1992-December 1993221

A. Proposed Changes to Dunkel Draft Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures： December 1992/January1993221

B. Period of Stalemate： January 1993-November 1993225

C. Final Stretch： November-December 1993227

1. Final Negotiations and Changes to Dunkel Draft228

2. The U.S. Proposal to Expand RD Subsidies229

D. Completion and Wrap-Up： December 1993-April 1994233

Ⅱ.Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement： A Summary of the Final Act Text of April 1994235

Ⅲ.Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement236

A. Part Ⅰ： General Provisions236

1. Definitions of “Subsidy”236

2. Specificity236

B. Part Ⅱ： Prohibited Subsidies （“Red Light”）237

1. Prohibited Subsidies237

2. Remedies237

C. Part Ⅲ： Actionable Subsidies （“Yellow Light”）238

1. Adverse Effects238

2. Serious Prejudice239

3. Remedies239

D. Part Ⅳ. Non-Actionable Subsidies （“Green Light”）240

1. Assistance for Research and Development241

2. Assistance to Disadvantaged Regions242

3. Assistance to Promote Adaptation of Existing Facilities to New Environmental Requirements243

4. Notication and Review of Non-Actionable Subsidy Programmes243

5. Consultation and Authorized Remedies244

E. Part Ⅴ： Countervailing Measures244

1. Initiation and Subsequent Investigation245

2. Standing246

3. Evidence247

4. Consultations249

5. Calculation of the Amount of a Subsidy249

6. Determination of Injury250

7. Cumulation250

8. Definion of Domestic Injury250

9. Provisional Measures251

10. Undertakings251

11. Imposition of Countervailing Duties251

12. Retroactivity251

13. Anti-Circumvention Measures252

14. Duration and Review of Countervailing Duties253

15. Public Notice253

16. Judicial Review254

F. Part Ⅵ： Institutions254

G. Part Ⅶ： Notication and Surveillance255

H. Part Ⅷ： Developing Country Members255

I. Part Ⅸ： Transitional Arrangements257

1. Existing Programmes257

2. Transformation into a Market Economy257

J. Part Ⅹ： Dispute Settlement258

K. Part ⅩⅠ： Final Provisions259

1. Provisional Application259

2. Final Provisions259

Annexes263

Comparison of Subsidies and Countervailing Duties265

GATT Documents415

Bibliography417

Trade-Related Investment Measures424

Ⅰ.Introduction425

Ⅱ.The Events of 1993 and1994425

A. 1993： Expressions of Concerns by the LDCs425

B. 1994： Completing and Signing the Final Agreement429

Ⅲ.The Final Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures429

Ⅳ.The Results： Disappointment or Success？432

Ⅴ.What Is to Come？ What Is Past May Well Be Prologue434

A. Article Ⅲ434

B. Article ⅩⅠ435

Ⅵ.Beyond WTO/GATT： Other Treatments of Foreign Investments436

A. OECD′s Multilateral Agreement on Investment436

B. Other Trade Agreements： the NAFTA437

C. Other Trade Agreements： APEC437

D. Unilateral Liberalization438

E. GATT/WTOAccession439

Ⅶ.Conclusion440

Annexes441

Comparison of Trade-Related Investment Measures443

GATT Documents455

Bibliography457

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights463

Ⅰ.Introduction465

Ⅱ.The TRIPS Negotiations from Punta Del Este to the Dunkel Draft467

A. Positions of the Parties467

1. Copyright and Related Rights469

2. Trademarks469

3. Geographical Indications470

4. Industrial Designs470

5. Patents470

6. Layout-Designs （Topographies） of Integrated Circuits470

7. Protection of Undisclosed Information471

B. The Negotiations from 1986 to the Dunkel Draft471

1. From 1986 to the Mid-Term Review in December 1988471

a. Problems to be Addressed471

1. Copyrights472

Sound and video recordings472

Computer programs472

Duration of copyright protection473

2. Patents473

Appellations of origin and geographical indications473

Limitations on patentable subject matter473

Discriminatory protection474

First to invent474

Compulsory licensing474

Restrictions on foreigners′ patent rights475

3. Trademarks475

Prominent foreign trademarks475

Enforcement provisions475

4. Industrial Designs475

Misappropriation475

5. Layout-Designs476

Protection476

6. Other476

Procedural obstacles to obtaining rights in other countries476

7. Dispute Settlement and Enforcement476

Counterfeiting of branded goods476

Piracy of books， sound and video recording476

Discriminatory treatment of imported products476

Enforcement477

b. Draft Agreement to Discourage the Importation of Counterfeit Goods477

c. Initial Proposals478

2. A TRIPS Framework Agreement in 1989481

3. Proposals During 1989-1991483

C. Accomplishments in the Dunkel Draft486

1. General Provisions and Basic Principles487

2. Standards Concerning the Availability， Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights488

a. Copyrights488

b. Trademarks489

c. Geographical Indications490

d. Industrial Design491

e. Patents491

f. Layout-Designs493

g. Trade Secrets494

h. Contractual Licenses494

3. Remaining Provisions495

Ⅲ.External Pressures Affect the TRIPS Negotiations495

A. U.S. Special 301 Actions Force Change During Uruguay Round Negotiations495

1.Brazil497

2. Argentina498

3. Thailand499

4. India500

5. China501

6. Taiwan502

7. USTR′s Priority Watch List503

8. Saudi Arabia504

9. South Korea504

10. European Union504

11. Australia505

12. Hungary506

13. Poland506

14. Philippines506

15. Turkey507

16. Egypt507

B. NAFTA508

C. Andean Pact508

Ⅳ.Chronology of the Uruguay Round Negotiations from the Dunkel Draft to the Final Act （1992-1993）509

A. The Post-Dunkel Draft Stalemate509

B. U.S. Fast-Track Negotiating Authority Expires As the Clinton Administration Takes Over514

C. Remaining Market Access Issues Dominate Negotiations515

D. The Clinton Administration Demands Changes in the TRIPS Draft518

E. Changes to the TRIPS Text During the Final Hours of Negotiations525

Ⅴ. Attempts to Revise the Dunkel Draft on TRIPS529

A. Patentable Subject Matter： Protection of Plant Varieties530

B. Pipeline Protection： Patent Protection for Pharmaceuticals and Agricultural Chemicals533

C. Compulsory Licensing535

D. Dispute Settlement537

Ⅵ.The TRIPS Enforcement and Dispute Settlement Provision：A Significant Achievement538

A. Countries Dissatisfied With Enforcement and Dispute Settlement Provisions in WIPO Conventions Demand Improved Procedures in the TRIPS Agreement538

B. TRIPS Enforcement and Dispute Settlement Provisions541

1. Enforcement Provisions541

2. A New Forum for the Resolution of Intellectual Property Disputes Between Countries544

C. The Role of the WIPO in the Uruguay Round Negotiations547

D. WIPO′s Alternative Dispute Settlement Provisions551

Ⅶ.Future Role of Section 301557

Ⅷ.NAFTA′s Intellectual Property Provisions： A Model for Future Negotiations560

A. Scope of the TRIPS Agreement561

B. The Scope of the NAFTA Agreement563

1. National Treatment565

2. Encrypted Program-Carrying Satellite Signals567

3. Pipeline Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agrochemical Products568

4. Dependent Patent Compulsory Licensing568

5. Ten-Year Minimum Trademark Term569

6. Marketing Approval569

7. Adverse Effect on Trade570

8. Transition Periods570

Ⅸ.Reaction to the Final Act571

Ⅹ.Conclusion574

Annexes577

Comparison of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Proper Rights579

Sibe-by-Side Comparison of TRIPS and NAFTA Intellectual Property Provisions673

GATT Documents745

Bibliography755

Services775

Ⅰ.Introduction777

Ⅱ.Summary of the General Agreement on Trade in Services778

A. The Framework Agreement778

1. Part Ⅰ： Article Ⅰ： Scope and Definition778

2. Part Ⅱ： General Obligations and Disciplines779

a. Article Ⅱ： Most Favored-Nation Treatment779

b. Article Ⅲ： Transparency779

c. Article Ⅲ bis： Disclosure of Confidential Information780

d. Article Ⅳ： Increasing Participation of Developing Countries780

e. Article Ⅴ： Economic Integration780

f. Article Ⅴ bis： Labor Markets Integration Agreements781

g. Article Ⅵ： Domestic Regulation781

h. Article Ⅶ： Recognition781

i. Article Ⅷ： Monopolies and Exclusive Service Suppliers782

j. Article Ⅸ： Business Practices782

k. Article Ⅹ： Emergency Safeguard Measures782

l. Article ⅩⅠ： Payment and Transfers782

m. Article ⅩⅡ： Restrictions to Safeguard the Balance of Payments783

n. Article ⅩⅢ： Government Procurement783

o. Article ⅩⅣ： General Exceptions784

p. Article ⅩⅣ bis： Security Exemptions784

q. Article ⅩⅤ： Subsidies784

3. Part Ⅲ： Specific Commitments785

a. Article ⅩⅥ： Market Access785

b. Article ⅩⅦ： National Treatment785

c. Article ⅩⅧ： Additional Commitments786

4. Part Ⅳ： Progressive Liberalization786

a. Article ⅩⅨ： Negotiation of Specific Commitments786

b. Article ⅩⅩ： Schedules of Specific Commitments786

c. Article ⅩⅩⅠ： Modification of Schedules787

5. Part Ⅴ： Institutional Provisions787

a. Article ⅩⅩⅡ： Consultation787

b. Article ⅩⅩⅢ： Dispute Settlement and Enforcement788

c. Article ⅩⅩⅣ： Council for Trade in Services788

d. Article ⅩⅩⅤ： Technical Cooperation788

e. Article ⅩⅩⅥ： Relationship with Other International Organizations788

6. Part Ⅵ： Final Provisions788

a. Article ⅩⅩⅦ： Denial of Benefits788

b. Article ⅩⅩⅧ： Definitions789

c. Article ⅩⅩⅨ： Annexes789

B. Annexes789

1. Annex on Article Ⅱ Exemptions789

2. Annex on Movement of Natural Persons Supplying Services Under the Agreement790

3. Annex on Air Transport Services790

4. Annex on Financial Services790

5. Second Annex on Financial Services791

6. Annex on Negotiations on Maritime Transport Services791

7. Annex on Telecommunications792

8. Annex on Negotiations on Basic Telecommunications792

Ⅲ.GATS Negotiations792

A. The 1993 Game Plan792

B. Fall 1993 Negotiations795

1. Textual Issues797

a. Applicability of the GATS to Certain Measures Maintained by the Parties797

b. Taxation797

2. Scope of the GATS801

a. Measures Relating to Social Security802

b. Measures Relating to Judicial and Administrative Assistance803

c. Measures Relating to the Settlement of Disputes Pursuant to Bilateral Investment Protection Agreements803

d. Measures Relating to Entry and Stay of Natural Persons804

e. Measures Relating to Entry and Stay of Natural Persons Pursuant to Certain Bilateral Agreements804

C. Drawing the 1993 Negotiations to a Close： Resolution of Textual Issues， Scheduling Commitments， and Submission of Lists of MFN Exemptions805

D. Sector-Specific Negotiations812

1. Financial Services812

2. Maritime Transportation Services817

3. Audio-Visual Services818

4. Movement of Natural Persons820

5. Basic Telecommunication Services821

E. Decisions to Continue Negotiations823

1. Negotiations on Financial Services823

2. Negotiations on Maritime Transport Services824

3. Negotiations on Basic Telecommunications825

4. Negotiations on Movement of Natural Persons825

Ⅳ.GATS Negotiations （1994）826

Ⅴ.Conclusion827

Annex829

Comparison of Trade in Services831

GATT Documents931

Bibliography933