《SENSE AND NONSENSE ABOUT CRIME AND DRUGS FOURTH EDITION》

ⅠTHINKING CLEARLY ABOUT CRIME1

1CRIME AND POLICY: A COMPLEX PROBLEM3

“Victory” or “Ticking Time Bomb”？3

The Search for Answers4

Simplistic Solutions5

Understanding the Crime Problem in the United States6

Two Crime Problems6

What the Murder Data Tell7

Fear Versus Risk8

Two Drug Problems8

Crime Trends: Unraveling the Controversy9

The War on Crime10

The War on Crime and the African American Community10

Overloading the System12

Crime Policy: A Plague of Nonsense13

The Futility of Waging “War” on Crime15

The Ground Rules16

The Question of Reasonable Goals16

Guilty: Liberals and Conservatives17

Crime Control Theology17

Conservative Theology18

Liberal Crime Control Theology20

A Word About Rules21

Ideological Confusion: Switching Sides22

Conclusion22

Notes23

2MODELS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE26

The Crime Commission’s Model29

The Criminal Justice Wedding Cake30

Celebrated Cases: The Top Layer30

Serious Felonies: The Second and Third Layers32

Prior Relationship: A Policy Dilemma35

Hard or Soft on Crime？ Unraveling the Paradox36

The Lower Depths: The Fourth Layer37

Conclusion38

Notes38

3THE GOING RATE40

Evaluating the System40

The Funnel42

Rejections and Dismissals: Loophole？45

From Indictment to Punishment47

An International Perspective on the Going Rate50

The Courtroom Work Group51

The Limits of Reform52

The Dynamics of Reform53

Criminal Justice Thermodynamics54

How Many Mistakes？56

Conclusion57

Notes57

4THE CAREER CRIMINAL60

Wolfgang’s Birth Cohort60

Other Cohort Studies62

From Research to Policy64

The Prediction Problem65

The Rand Selective Incapacitation Study67

How Much Crime Do They Do？69

Conclusion70

Notes71

Ⅱ“GET TOUGH”: THE CONSERVATIVE ATTACK ON CRIME73

5UNLEASH THE COPS！75

More Cops75

The Police and Crime76

The Lessons of Kansas City77

Focused Police Patrol Activities79

Does Policing Make Any Difference at All？81

Faster Response Time82

More Detectives83

Myths and Realities of Detective Work83

Targeting Career Criminals85

Eliminate the “Technicalities”86

Repeal the Exclusionary Rule87

The Exclusionary Rule and Crime Fighting87

The Positive Impact of the Exclusionary Rule89

Abolish Miranda90

Miranda in Operation90

Modifying Miranda92

Conclusion92

Notes93

6DETER THE CRIMINALS96

Deterrence Theory96

Assumptions Underlying Deterrence97

The Risk of Crime: Some Preliminary Evidence98

The Death Penalty99

Sorting Out the Issues99

Executions and Crime: Sellin’s Studies100

Dr.Ehrlich’s Magic Bullet100

Delays and Deterrence102

Brutalization Theory？102

Summary103

Deterring the Drunk Driver103

The “Killer Drunk” and Other Myths103

Deterrence and Drunk Driving105

Drunk Drivers in Court107

Crackdown Costs109

Alternative Strategies for Dealing with Drunk Drivers109

And Now for Some Good News109

Deterring Burglars and Robbers111

The Rand Inmate Survey112

Deterring Domestic Violence113

Conclusion114

Notes114

7 LOCK ’EM UP117

Getting Criminals off the Street117

Preventive Detention118

A Short History of Bail Reform118

Preventive Detention in Operation: Washington， D.C.119

The 1984 Federal Bail Reform Act120

Crime on Bail: Myths and Reality121

The Prediction Problem Revisited123

Speedy Trial: A Better Way124

Incapacitation125

Selective Incapacitation: The Rand Formula125

Gross Incapacitation: Zedlewski’s New Math128

Incapacitation: A Sober Estimate129

Mandatory Sentencing130

Three Case Studies131

Mandatory Sentencing and Crime136

Three Strikes—We Are All Out137

Implementation138

Impact138

Summary: Striking Out140

Conclusion140

Notes140

8CLOSE THE LOOPHOLES144

Prosecute the Career Criminal144

Getting Tough in San Diego144

Other Prosecution Programs146

Abolish the Insanity Defense147

Sorting Out the Issues148

The Reality of the Insanity Defense148

Aftermath of Acquittal149

Danger to the Community150

The Impact of Abolition150

Abolish Plea Bargaining153

Alaska Bans Plea Bargaining153

Other Experiments156

In Search of Plea Bargains156

Restrict Appeals157

Limiting Appeals158

Appeals in Practice159

Conclusion160

Notes160

ⅢTHE MIDDLE GROUND: GUNS AND VICTIMS163

9PROTECT THE VICTIMS165

Victims of Crime165

The Victims’ Rights Movement166

The Costs of Crime168

New Laws and Programs168

Critics of the Movement168

Sorting Out the Issues168

Criteria for Evaluation169

Victim Assistance Programs170

Police-Victim Recontact171

Victim Compensation172

Expanding the Victim’s Voice173

The Impact of Victims’ Voice Laws174

Speedy Trial175

Getting Tough on Crime176

Mandatory Arrest for Domestic Violence176

Conclusion177

Notes177

10CONTROL GUN CRIMES180

The Problem with Guns—and Gun Policy180

Gun Ownership and Gun-Related Violence181

Types of Guns181

Gun Ownership181

Handgun-Related Violence182

Handguns as Self-Protection182

Gun-Related Laws183

The Policy Alternatives184

Public Attitudes Toward Gun Control184

Ban Handguns185

Ban Possession185

The Limits of “Banning” Handguns185

Ban Bullets186

Ban the Manufacture and Importation of Handguns187

Buy Back Handguns187

Ban Saturday Night Specials187

Ban Assault Rifles188

Summary188

Regulate the Sale and Possession of Handguns188

Waiting Periods: The Brady Bill190

Summary190

Restrict the Use of Handguns191

Restrict the Carrying of Handguns191

Airplanes and Schools193

Get Guns Off the Street: The Kansas City Experiment194

More Guns？195

Get Tough on Weapons Offenses195

Getting Tough in Detroit196

Conclusion198

Notes198

Ⅳ REFORM: THE LIBERAL PRESCRIPTION201

11 TREAT ’EM！203

Rehabilitating Criminals203

The Philosophy of Rehabilitation203

Political Controversy: The Willie Horton Furlough204

The “Nothing Works” Controversy204

Was Martinson Right？205

The Prediction Problem Revisited206

The Revival of Correctional Intervention？206

Diversion207

The Manhattan Court Employment Project208

The Net-Widening Problem209

Does Diversion Rehabilitate？209

Probation210

The Effectiveness of Probation211

The New Intermediate Punishments214

Intensive Probation Supervision214

Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring216

Boot Camps218

Parole220

Does Parole Work？220

Intensive Parole Supervision221

The Prediction Problem Again222

Abolish Parole？223

Reintegration and Restorative Justice224

Restorative Justice in Operation224

Rehabilitation: Running on Empty？225

Notes226

12REFORM THE LAW AND THE SYSTEM230

Decriminalization230

The Rationale for Decriminalization231

The Terms of the Debate232

The Impact of Decriminalization233

Public Disorder Crimes234

Abortion234

Sex Between Consenting Adults235

Gambling235

Summary236

Legalizing Drugs？236

Eliminate Injustice236

Arrest as a Case Study237

Summary238

Conclusion238

Notes238

ⅤTHE DRUG PROBLEM241

13SENSE AND NONSENSE ABOUT DRUGS243

The Drug Problem243

Hysteria over Drugs243

Myths and Realities About Drugs and Crime244

The Extent of Illegal Drug Use244

The Drug-Crime Connection247

The Drug Policy Choices248

The War on Drugs: Policy and Consequences249

Impact of the War on Drugs249

Police “Crackdowns”250

Interdiction and Eradication252

Tougher Sentencing252

The Limits of the Criminal Law253

The Lessons of History254

When Enforcement Does Work254

Demand Reduction: Drug Education255

‘Just Say No”255

DARE: Success or Failure？256

But Some Education Programs Do Work257

Drug Treatment259

Varieties of Treatment259

Does Treatment Work？260

Legalize Drugs？261

Varieties of Legalization262

The Impact of Legalization263

A Specific Proposal263

Conclusion266

Notes267

ⅥCONCLUSIONS271

14THE PARADOX OF CRIME AND CRIME POLICY273

The Great American Paternity Fight273

A Word of Caution274

A Quick Review of What We Have Learned274

Crime Prevention: The Maryland Report276

Conclusion279

Notes279

I NDEX281