《INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LITIGATION SECOND EDITION》求取 ⇩

PART AChoice of forum3

Chapter ⅠWill the court accept jurisdiction?3

A General3

BParties to the Brussels and Lugano Conventions3

1THE BRUSSELS AND LUGANO CONVENTIONS3

(a) Scope of the Conventions4

(b) Parties to the Conventions5

(i)Brussels Convention5

(ii) Lugano Convention6

2 INSOLVENCY CONVENTION6

3JURISDICTION UNDER THE CONVENTIONS7

(a) Basic rule7

(b) Domicile8

(i)England and Wales8

(ii) France9

(iii) Germany9

(iv) Switzerland9

(c)Special jurisdictions10

(i) Contract10

(ii) Tort12

(iii) Civil claims in criminal proceedings13

(iv) Branches and agencies13

(v) Trusts13

(vi) Salvage14

(vii) Severaldefendants14

(viii) Third parties14

(ix) Counterclaim14

(x) Limitation of liability15

(xi) Insurance15

(xii) Consumer contracts16

(d) Exclusive jurisdiction16

(i)Land16

(ii) Companies17

(iii) Trade marks, etc18

(iv) Enforcements of judgments18

(e) Jurisdiction clauses18

(i)Exclusivity18

(ii) Ineffective jurisdiction clauses21

(iii) Formal requirements21

(iv) Choice of law22

(f) Submission, and challenges, to jurisdiction22

(g) Challenging jurisdiction22

(i)England23

(ii) France23

(iii) Germany24

(iv) Switzerland25

(h) Proceedings in the wrong jurisdiction25

(i) Related actions27

(j) Serving process in other contracting states28

4JURISDICTIONAL RULES OF CONTRACTING STATES WHERE THE DEFENDANT IS NOT DOMICILED IN A CONTRACTING STATE28

(a)England29

(i) Service within the jurisdiction29

(ii) Service outside the jurisdiction31

(iii) Sovereign and other immunity33

(b) France36

(i)Determining jurisdiction36

(ii) Sovereign immunity37

(c)Germany37

(i) Submission to jurisdiction38

(ii) Place of performance39

(iii) Commission of a tort40

(iv) Environmental liability41

(v) Counter-suit41

(vi) Domicile and related concepts41

(vii) Assets in Germany42

(viii) Sovereign immunity44

(d) Switzerland47

(i)Introductory remarks47

(ii) Jurisdictional rules47

(iii) Jurisdiction clauses and submission54

(iv) Proceedings in the wrong jurisdiction54

(v) Treaties55

(vi) Sovereign and other immunity55

CNon-Convention countries57

1AUSTRALIA57

(a) Constitutional background57

(b) Jurisdiction58

(i)General58

(ii) Service within the jurisdiction58

(iii) Service outside the jurisdiction61

(iv) Sovereign immunity67

2CANADA68

(a) General68

(b) Service within the jurisdiction69

(i)General rules for manner of service69

(ii) Alternatives to personal service70

(iii) Substituted service or dispensing with service70

(c)Service outside the jurisdiction70

(i) Motion to set aside service outside the Canadian jurisdiction72

(ii) Jurisdiction clauses73

(d) State immunity73

(e) Foreign diplomats74

(f) International organisations74

3JAPAN74

(a) Basic rules74

(b) Rules regarding forum for domestic litigation75

(i)General forum75

(ii) Special forum76

(iii) Jurisdiction agreed by the parties79

(iv) Jurisdiction due to defendant's appearance80

(v) Exclusive jurisdiction prescribed by law80

(c) Challenging jurisdiction81

(d) Choice of law81

(e)Service81

(i) Service within the jurisdiction81

(ii) Service in a foreign country83

4UNITED STATES83

(a)Personal jurisdiction83

(i) Federal courts85

(ii) State courts85

(iii) Affiliated corporations86

(b) Subject matter jurisdiction86

(i)Alienage jurisdiction87

(ii) Federal question jurisdiction87

(c) Venue88

(d) Extra-territorial jurisdiction88

(e) Sovereign immunity89

Chapter ⅡAttractiveness of the forum - procedure92

AAustralia92

1COURT STRUCTURE92

(a) Inferior and intermediate courts92

(b) Supreme Courts, including Commercial Division or List93

Commercial Division or List95

(c)Federal Court of Australia95

(d) High Court of Australia95

(e) The Privy Council96

2 PRECEDENT96

3 NATURE OF PROCEDURE97

4 SPEED OF PROCEEDINGS98

5MODE OF TRIAL99

(a) Trial by judge and jury99

(b) Trial before a single judge99

(c) Assessors100

(d) Special referees100

(e) Court experts100

6CLASS ACTIONS101

(a) Introduction101

(b) Representative actions102

(i)Shareholder's representative action103

(c)Joinder and consolidation104

(i) Joinder104

(ii) Consolidation105

(d) Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth)105

7PRE-TRIAL EVIDENCE105

(a)Discovery of documents106

(i) Principles106

(ii) Discoverable documents107

(iii) Time for discovery107

(iv) After-acquired documents108

(v) Discovery against non-parties108

(vi) Privileged documents109

(b) Discovery of witness evidence111

8 INTERLOCUTORY INJUNCTIONS112

9 ENFORCEMENT OF SUPREME COURT JUDGMENTS112

BCanada113

1COURT STRUCTURE113

(a) County and district courts113

(b) The Superior Court Trial Division114

(c) The Court of Appeal114

(d) The Supreme Court of Canada114

(e) The Federal Court and Tax Court115

(f) Commercial List, Toronto region116

2 PRECEDENT116

3 TYPE OF PROCEDURE117

4 SPEED OF PROCEEDINGS117

5MODE OF TRIAL119

(a) Juries119

(b) Judges119

6CLASS ACTIONS120

(a) General120

(b) Company shareholder actions121

(c) Joinder and consolidation121

(d) Estates, trusts and construction of documents122

7DISCOVERY AND PRE-TRIAL EVIDENCE122

(a)Discovery of documents123

(i) The obligation123

(ii) Privilege and other exceptions to the obligation125

(b) Discovery of witness evidence127

(i)Expert witnesses128

(ii) Taking evidence before trial128

8ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS129

(a) Examination in aid of execution129

(b) Garnishee proceedings129

(c) Writs of seizure and sale129

(d) Receiver130

(e) Bankruptcy130

(f) Specific performance etc130

CEngland and Wales130

1COURT STRUCTURE131

(a) County courts131

(b) The High Court of Justice131

(i)Chancery Division132

(ii) Family Division132

(iii) Queen's Bench Division132

(iv) Officialreferees133

(v) Interlocutory matters133

(c) The Court of Appeal134

(d) The House of Lords134

(e) The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council134

2 PRECEDENT134

3 PROCEDURE134

4 SPEED OF PROCEEDINGS136

5MODE OF TRIAL137

(a) Juries137

(b) Assessors137

(c) Judges137

(d) Masters138

6CLASS ACTIONS138

(a) Representative actions138

(b) Company shareholders' actions139

(c) Joint plaintiffs140

(d) Consolidated and lead actions140

(e) General141

7DISCOVERY AND PRE-TRIAL EVIDENCE142

(a)Discovery of documents from other parties to proceedings142

(i) The obligation142

(ii) Timing143

(iii) Confidentiality of documents disclosed145

(iv) Privilege and other exceptions to the obligation145

(b) Obtaining documents from third parties149

(a)Subpoena149

(b) Stranger facilitating tort150

(c) Personal injury actions150

(d) Shapiraorders150

(e) Bankers Book Evidence Act150

(c)Discovery of witness evidence151

(i) Factual witnesses151

(ii) Expert witnesses152

(iii) Depositions153

8INJUNCTIONS154

(a) Interlocutory injunctions154

(b) Final injunctions154

9ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS155

(a) Oral examination155

(b) Garnishee proceedings155

(c) Charging orders155

(d) Seizure of goods155

(e) Receiver156

(f) Bankruptcy or liquidation156

(g) Specific performance, etc156

DFrance156

1COURT STRUCTURE156

(a) TheTGI157

(i)Organisation157

(ii) Jurisdiction157

(iii) Venue157

(b) TheTI158

(i)Organisation158

(ii) Jurisdiction158

(iii) Venue158

(c)Commercial Courts158

(i) Organisation158

(ii) Jurisdiction158

(iii) Venue159

(iv) Conclusion159

(d) The Labour Courts (Conseil de Prud'hommes)159

(i)Organisation159

(ii) Jurisdiction159

(iii) Venue159

(iv) Conclusion160

(e) The criminal courts160

(f) The Court of Appeal160

(g) The Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation)160

2 PRECEDENT160

3TYPES OF PROCEEDINGS161

(a) General description of the process of a legal action before the TGI161

(b) Proceedings before other civil courts162

(i)Standard proceedings162

(ii) Simplified procedure for interim measures in recovery claims163

(c)Special procedures before the President163

(i) The référé order163

(ii) The requête order165

(iii) Appeal against orders issued by the courts165

4TYPES OF TRIALS165

(a) General165

(b) Litigation and dispute resolution166

(i)General166

(ii) Conciliation before judges166

(iii) Judge-arbitrator167

5EVIDENCE167

(a) Outline of the system of evidence: documentary evidence167

(i)Obtaining documents held by another party168

(ii) Obtaining documents held by third parties168

(b) Investigative measures and witnesses169

(i)Investigative measures169

(ii) Witnesses169

(c) General conclusion on evidence170

6CLASS ACTIONS170

(a) Shareholders' actions170

(b) Consumer action171

(c) Joined plaintiffs172

7 SPEED OF PROCEEDINGS172

8ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS AND APPEALS172

(a) Enforcement172

(b) Appeals173

(i)Common appeals173

(ii) Special appeals174

EGermany175

1COURT STRUCTURE175

(a) Specialisation and decentralisation175

(b) The 'lawful judge'175

(c) The civil court system175

(i)The Amtsgerichte176

(ii) The Landgerichte176

(iii) The Oberlandesgerichte178

(iv) The Bundesgerichtshof178

(d) Identifying the competent court178

2 PRECEDENT179

3PROCEDURE AND MODE OF TRIAL180

(a) General principles180

(b) Conduct of proceedings183

(i)Commencement of proceedings183

(ii) The complaint184

(iii) The hearing184

(iv) Role of the court185

(v) Witnesses and expert witnesses186

(vi) Evidence187

(vii) Judgment188

(viii) Appeal189

4 SPEED190

5CLASS ACTIONS190

(a) Shareholders' actions191

(b) Consumer actions191

(c) Joint plaintiffs and lead actions192

(i)Joint plaintiffs192

(ii) Lead action192

6 DISCOVERY192

7INJUNCTIONS193

(a)Interlocutory injunctions193

(i) Arrest193

(ii) Injunction194

(iii) Taking of evidence195

(b) Final injunctions195

8ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS195

(a) Conditions for enforcement195

(b) Attachment of assets and garnishee proceedings196

(c) Oral examination197

(d) Specific performance etc198

(e) Bankruptcy198

FJapan198

1COURT STRUCTURE198

(a) Summary courts199

(b) District courts199

(c) Family courts199

(d) High courts200

(e) The Supreme Court200

2 PRECEDENT201

3COURT PROCEDURE201

(i) Judgment procedure201

(ii) Enforcement procedure202

(iii) Procedure for provisional attachment and provisional disposition202

(iv) Procedure for proof taking202

(v) Summary procedure for collection of debts203

(vi) Bill/cheque action procedure203

4 SPEED OF PROCEDURE203

5MODE OF TRIAL204

(a) Types of judges204

(i)Supreme Court Judges (including Supreme Court Chief Justice)204

(ii) Judges (including High Court Chief Justice)205

(iii) Assistant judges205

(iv) Summary court judges205

(b) Quality of judges205

6CLASS ACTIONS206

(a) Appointed party206

(b) Shareholders' representative action (derivative action)206

(c)Joinder of parties207

(i) Ordinary joint action207

(ii) Compulsory joint action207

(iii) Semi-necessary joint actions208

(d) Lead actions208

7DISCOVERY209

(a) Proof taking procedure209

(b) Motion to produce documents210

8 INJUNCTIONS211

9ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS211

(a) Requirements for execution211

(b) Modes of execution212

(i)Direct compulsion212

(ii) Execution by substitute212

(iii) Indirect compulsion212

(iv) Compulsory management212

(c) Enforcement of foreign judgments213

GSwitzerland213

1COURT STRUCTURE213

(a) The Confederation213

(b) The main features of the cantonal court organisations214

(c)Court organisation in the canton of Zürich214

(i) Single judge214

(ii) District courts215

(iii) The superior court215

(iv) The commercial court216

(v) The court of cassation217

2 SOURCES OF LAW217

3 DURATION OF PROCEEDINGS218

4MODE OF TRIAL AND TYPE OF PROCEDURE218

(a)Ordinary procedure at the court of first instance218

(i) Conciliatory proceedings218

(ii) Main proceedings218

(iii) Gathering evidence219

(iv) Proceedings leading to judgment or termination of the proceedings220

(b) Proceedings before the commercial court220

(c) Procedure before the Supreme Federal Court as first instance221

(d) Other types of procedure221

(i)Summary proceedings221

(ii) Expedited proceedings222

(iii) Injunctions as a remedy222

5ADMINISTRATION OF EVIDENCE222

(a) Basic principles222

(b) Judicial evidence223

(i)Documents223

(ii) Wimesses223

(iii) Inspection224

(iv) Expert reports224

(v) Questioning the parties224

6ENFORCEABILITY224

(a) Enforcement of decisions regarding monetary payment225

(b) Enforcement of decisions for other performance225

HUnited States225

1COURT STRUCTURE225

(a)Federal courts226

(i) Federal district courts226

(ii) Federal courts of appeals226

(iii) Specialised federal courts and administrative tribunals227

(b) State courts227

(c) The Supreme Court of the United States227

2PRECEDENT227

(a) In the federal courts227

(b) In the state courts228

(c) Federal courts applying state law228

(d) Precedents from non-US jurisdictions228

3PROCEDURE228

(a) Outline of proceedings228

(b) Comment229

4 SPEED OF PROCEEDINGS229

5 MODE OF TRIAL230

6 CLASS ACTIONS231

7DISCOVERY AND PRE-TRIAL EVIDENCE233

(a) Production of documents235

(b) Oral depositions237

(c) Written interrogatories237

(d) Discovery of expert witnesses238

(e) Other discovery devices238

(f) Sanctions litigation238

(g) Altemative dispute resolution procedures239

(h) Pre-trial orders240

8 INJUNCTIONS241

9 ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS241

Chapter ⅢAttractiveness of the forum - substantive law242

AAustralia243

1 DAMAGES243

2COSTS245

(a) Determination245

(b) Security for costs246

(c) Payment into court246

(d) Offers of compromise246

(e) Calderbank letters247

BCanada247

1 DAMAGES247

2COSTS248

(a) Entitlement248

(b) Taxation248

(c) Payment into court248

(d) Security for costs248

CEngland and Wales249

1 DAMAGES249

2COSTS250

(a) Amount250

(b) Taxation251

(c) Legal aid251

(d) Conditionalfees251

(e) Payment into court252

3 SECURITY FOR COSTS252

DFrance254

1 DAMAGES254

2COSTS254

(a) Payment of the costs254

(b) Scope of the costs254

(c) Liquidation and recovery of the costs254

3 ABUSIVE LEGALACTION255

4 THE 'JUDICATUM SOLIS' SECURITY DEPOSIT255

5 LEGAL AID255

EGermany255

1 DAMAGES255

2 COSTS257

3 SECURITY FOR COSTS258

FJapan259

1DAMAGES259

(a) Contributory negligence260

(b) Liquidated damages260

2COSTS261

(a) Allocation of litigation expenses261

(b) Rules for fixing the amount of litigation expenses262

(c) Security for litigation expenses262

GSwitzerland263

1DAMAGES263

(a) Damages due to breach of contract263

(b) Non-contractual damages263

(c) Common principles263

(d) Purchase of goods264

(i)Non-commercial trade264

(ii) Commercial trade265

(e) The Vienna Convention265

2COSTS265

(a) Court fees265

(b) Lawsuit compensation (parties' costs)266

(c) Security for costs267

(d) Legal aid268

HUnited States268

1 DAMAGES268

2 COSTS270

3 SECURITY FOR COSTS271

Chapter Ⅳ Enforceability of judgments272

Chapter ⅤLawyers273

AEC Directives on recognition of professional qualifications273

1 PRACTICE OF HOME STATE LAW273

2 PRACTICE OF LOCAL LAW274

BAustralia275

1 THE LEGAL PROFESSION275

2 PUBLIC NOTARIES276

3FOREIGN LAWYERS277

(a) Foreign lawyers seeking Australian admission277

(b) Foreign lawyers practising as foreign lawyers in Australia277

CCanada278

1 THE PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES278

2 LEADING AND JUNIOR COUNSEL278

3 FEES279

4 FOREIGN LAWYERS PRACTISING IN CANADA279

DEngland and Wales280

1BARRISTERS281

(a) Chambers281

(b) Role281

(c) Leading and junior counsel282

(d) Fees282

2SOLICITORS283

Costs283

3 INTERACTION283

4FOREIGN LAWYERS284

(a) Qualification as an English lawyer284

(b) Lawyers qualified in the EC284

5 NOTARY PUBLICS284

EFrance285

1LEGAL REPRESENTATION285

(a)Lawyers285

(i) Organisation285

(ii) Practice286

(iii) Senior and junior lawyers287

(iv) Costs287

(b) Avoués287

(c) Supreme Court lawyers288

2 PROCESS SERVERS288

3 NOTARIES288

FGermany289

1LEGAL PROFESSION289

(a) Structure289

(b) Fees291

2 FOREIGN LAWYERS292

3 NOTARY PUBLICS293

GJapan293

1LEGAL PROFESSION293

(a) Lawyers in litigation294

(b) Legal fees295

2 NOTARY PUBLICS295

3 INTERPRETERS AND TRANSLATORS296

HSwitzerland297

1 TRAINING AND QUALIFICATION297

2 PRACTICE297

3 FEES298

4 NOTARIES PUBLIC299

IUnited States299

1 STRUCTURE OF PROFESSION299

Chapter ⅥChoice of law301

ARome Convention301

1 CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS302

2 BASIC RULES302

3 MANDATORY RULES303

4 PUBLIC POLICY304

5 VALIDITY OF TERMS OR CONTRACTS304

B The EU Insolvency Convention304

CAustralia305

1 CONTRACT305

2 TORT306

3 CHOICE OF LAW - SUBSTANCE AND PROCEDURE307

DCanada307

1 CONTRACT307

2 TORT308

3 CHOICE OF LAW - SUBSTANCE AND PROCEDURE308

EEngland308

1 CONTRACT308

2 TORT309

FFrance309

1 CONTRACT309

2 TORT310

GGermany310

1 CONTRACT310

2 TORT310

3 CORPORATIONS310

HJapan311

1 GENERAL311

2OUTLINE OF THE ACT CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF LAWS311

(a) Basic rule311

(b) Real rights312

(c) In personam rights312

(d) Statutory in personam rights312

(e) Renvoi312

(f) Public order and good morals313

ISwitzerland313

1 CONTRACTS313

2 UNJUST ENRICHMENT313

3 TORTS313

J United States314

PART BProcedure after choice of forum319

Chapter ⅦInterlocutory relief319

AContracting states320

1 BRUSSELS AND LUGANO CONVENTIONS, ARTICLE 24320

2ENGLAND AND WALES321

(a) Generalprinciple321

(b) Main types of interlocutory injunctions, and associated relief322

(i)Negative injunction322

(ii) Quia timer injunction322

(iii) Mandatory injunction322

(iv) Mareva injunction323

(v) Disclosure of assets323

(vi) Interim preservation of property323

(vii) Inspection323

(viii) Delivery323

(ix) Anton Piller order323

(x) Discovery323

(xi) Writ ne exeat regno323

(c)Particular injunctions - requirements and effect324

(i) General interlocutory injunction324

(ii) Mareva injunction325

(iii) Orders ancillary to Mareva injunctions328

(iv) Anton Piller orders329

(v) Orders ancillary to Anton Piller orders331

(vi) Writ ne exeat regno331

3FRANCE332

(a) General principles332

(b) Temporary enforcement333

(c)La saisie-vente333

(i) General333

(ii) The procedural steps334

(d) La saisie-attribution335

(i)General335

(ii) Relationships between the seized debtor and the third party335

(iii) Property subject to saisie attribution335

(iv) The procedural steps335

(v) Incidents336

(vi) Rules regarding bank accounts and securities336

(e)Saisie-conservatoire - conservatory seizure337

(i) Scope337

(ii) Prerequisites337

(iii) Outcome of the procedure337

(iv) Registration338

(v) Special conservatory seizures338

(f)Other types of seizures338

(i) The saisie-appréhension338

(ii) Stock lodged as security338

(iii) Attachment of earnings339

(iv) Seizure of vehicles339

4GERMANY339

(a)Main types of interlocutory relief: Arrest and einstweilige Verfgung340

(i) General prerequisites340

(ii) Jurisdiction342

(iii) Formal requirements343

(iv) Procedure by the court343

(v) Service and execution344

(vi) Costs345

(vii) Appeals and other remedies available to the respondent345

(viii) Damages346

(ix) Special cases346

(b)Selbst？ndiges Beweisverfahren347

(i) General prerequisites347

(ii) Jurisdiction348

(iii) Formal requirements348

(iv) Procedure by the court348

(v) Costs349

(vi) Remedies349

5SWITZERLAND349

(a)Jurisdictional basis for relief in the international context349

(i) The principle349

(ii) Rules determining the availability of interlocutory relief351

(b) Substantive conditions for relief354

(i)Applicable law354

(ii) Procedure after determining the applicable law355

(iii) Requirements for pre-trial relief355

(iv) Requirements for interlocutory relief357

(c)Main types of interlocutory relief358

(i) General introductory remarks358

(ii) Negative injunctions358

(iii) Mandatory injunctions358

(iv) Interim preservation of property359

(v) Securing evidence before trial359

(vi) Gathering information before trial360

(vii) Disclosure of assets360

(viii) Final orders in summary proceedings360

(d) Attachment proceedings361

(i)Nature of the attachment order361

(ii) Conditions for the granting of an attachment order361

(iii) The application363

(iv) Objection procedures and appeal364

(v) Security365

(vi) Pursuit of the attachment on the merits365

(e)Lugano Convention366

(i) Interlocutory relief in general367

(ii) Recognition and enforcement of foreign interlocutory orders367

(iii) Attachment proceedings in particular367

BOther states368

1AUSTRALIA368

(a) General368

(b) Interlocutory injunctions368

(i)Requirements368

(ii) Procedure369

(c)Marevainjunctions370

(i) General370

(ii) Requirements371

(iii) Procedural matters372

(d) Anton Piller orders372

(i)Basis372

(ii) Nature of the orders373

(iii) Procedure373

(iv) The problem of self-incrimination374

(v) Ex parte representative orders- 'John Doe' orders374

2CANADA375

(a) General principle375

(b) Main forms of injunctions and related relief375

(i)General interlocutory injunction375

(ii) Quia timet injunction376

(iii) Mandatory injunction376

(iv) Mareva injunction376

(v) Interim preservation of property376

(vi) Interim inspection of property376

(vii) Delivery376

(viii) Anton Piller order376

(ix) Receiver or receiver and manager377

(c)Interlocutory injunctions - requirements377

(i) Requirements377

(ii) Application377

(d) Particular injunctions - special requirements378

(i)Mareva injunction378

(ii) Anton Piller orders379

(iii) Receiver or receiver and manager380

3JAPAN380

(a) Provisional attachment381

(b) Provisional disposition382

4UNITED STATES383

(a) Attachment383

(b) Temporary restraining orders385

(c) Preliminary injunctions385

(d) Other provisional relief386

(i)Temporary receivership386

(ii) Notice of pendency386

(iii) Order for replevin386

(iv) Civil arrest387

(e) Appellate review of provisional remedies387

Chapter ⅧObtaining evidence for use elsewhere389

AMeans of collecting evidence389

1 ORDER AGAINST A PARTY389

2 CONVENTIONS390

3 LITIGATION ABROAD390

BThe Hague Convention of 1970390

1 CHAPTER 1: EXECUTION BYTHE COURT391

2 CHAPTER 2: EXECUTION BY CONSULS, EXAMINERS, ETC392

3 'PRE-TRIAL DISCOVERY'393

C Hague Convention on Civil Procedure of 1954394

D Bilateral conventions and non-existent conventions394

EAustralia395

1OBTAINING EVIDENCE IN AUSTRALIA FOR USE ABROAD395

(a) The applicable law395

(b) General principles396

(c) Limitations on the scope of evidence397

(d) Procedures for taking evidence397

2OBTAINING EVIDENCE ABROAD FOR USE IN AUSTRALIA399

(a) General principles399

(b) Obtaining documents abroad by subpoena400

FCanada400

1 ORDER AGAINST A PARTY TO LITIGATION IN CANADA400

2ORDER AGAINST A NON-PARTY401

(a) The willing witness401

(b) The unwilling witness402

(i)Within Canada402

(ii) Outside Canada402

3 OBTAINING EVIDENCE FOR USE OUTSIDE CANADA403

GEngland and Wales404

1OBTAINING EVIDENCE FOR USE ELSEWHERE404

(a) Voluntary testimony404

(b) Application under the Evidence (Proceedings in Other Jurisdictions) Act1975405

(c) Separate proceedings407

2OBTAINING EVIDENCE ELSEWHERE FOR USE IN ENGLAND407

(a) Evidence-gathering without leave of court407

(b) Assistance by the English court408

(c) Back-door means409

HFrance410

1 LETTERS ROGATORY DESTINED FOR A FOREIGN STATE410

2 LETTERS ROGATORY EMANATING FROM A FOREIGN STATE411

IGermany412

1OBTAINING EVIDENCE FOR USE ELSEWHERE - CONVENTION COUNTRIES412

(a)The Hague Convention of 1970412

(i) Letters of request under the Hague Convention412

(ii) Taking evidence before the Amtsgericht414

(iii) Consuls and commissioners415

(b) The Hague Convention of 1954415

(c) TheAnglo-German Convention of 1928415

2 OBTAINING EVIDENCE FOR USE IN COUNTRIES WITH WHOM NO CONVENTION EXISTS416

3 OBTAINING EVIDENCE IN GERMANY UNDER THE DOMESTIC PROCEDURAL RULES OF A FOREIGN STATE417

4 TAKING EVIDENCE UNDER DOMESTIC GERMAN PROCEDURE418

5 OBTAINING EVIDENCE ABROAD FOR USE IN GERMAN PROCEEDINGS418

JJapan419

1OBTAINING EVIDENCE IN JAPAN FOR USE IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY420

(a) 1954Hague Convention420

(b) Bilateral judicial co-operation arrangements421

(c) Consular Conventions422

(d) The Judicial Co-operation Law423

2OBTAINING EVIDENCE ELSEWHERE FOR USE IN JAPAN423

(a) 1954 Hague Convention423

(b) Use of a Japanese consular officer423

(c) Bilateral judicial co-operation arrangements424

KSwitzerland424

1MEANS OF COLLECTING EVIDENCE424

(a) The principle424

(b) Consequences425

2JUDICIAL ASSISTANCE IN CIVIL MATTERS426

(a)Based on treaties426

(i) Multilateral conventions426

(ii) Bilateral treaties428

(iii) Permissible means of taking evidence429

(b) In the absence of treaties, on the basis of comity431

(i)The principles applied431

(ii) Permissible means of evidence432

3 SEPARATE PROCEEDINGS434

4LIMITATIONS BASED ON PENAL LAW434

(a) Secrecy rules in general434

(b) Prohibition of economic espionage435

(c) Prohibition of official acts for a foreign state435

(d) Swiss banking secrecy436

(e) Professional secrets436

5 OBTAINING EVIDENCE ELSEWHERE FOR USE IN SWITZERLAND437

LUnited States437

1 OBTAINING EVIDENCE IN THE US FOR USE ELSEWHERE438

2 OBTAINING EVIDENCE ELSEWHERE FOR USE IN THE US439

Chapter ⅨService of process442

AHague Convention of 1965442

1 FORMAL SERVICE443

2 INFORMAL SERVICE444

B Hague Convention on Civil Procedure of 1954445

C Bilateral and non-existent conventions446

DAustralia446

1SERVICE IN AUSTRALIA446

Formal service of a foreign process446

2 SERVICE OUT OF AUSTRALIA447

ECanada447

1SERVICE IN CANADA OF DOCUMENTS IN RESPECT OF FOREIGN LITIGATION447

(a) Formal service448

(b) Informal service449

2SERVICE OF DOCUMENTS OUTSIDE ORIGINATING JURISDICTION IN RESPECT OF CANADIAN LITIGATION449

(a)Formal service450

(i) Hague Convention countries450

(ii) Bilateral convention countries and other countries450

(b) Informal service451

FEngland and Wales452

1SERVICE IN ENGLAND AND WALES452

(a) Formal service452

(b) Informal service452

2 SERVICE OUT OF ENGLAND AND WALES453

GFrance454

1SERVICE OF PROCESS WHEN NO RECIPROCAL CONVENTION OR TREATY HAS BEEN SIGNED WITH FRANCE454

(a) Serving papers in France454

(b) Serving papers on individuals located outside France454

2CONVENTIONS455

(a) The Hague Convention of 1965455

(b) Bilateral conventions456

HGermany456

1SERVICE IN GERMANY OF FOREIGN JUDICIAL DOCUMENTS456

(a) Convention countries456

(b) Non-convention countries457

(c) Procedure457

2 SERVICE ABROAD OF GERMAN JUDICIAL DOCUMENTS458

IJapan459

1SERVICE OF FOREIGN DOCUMENTS IN JAPAN459

(a) Service under the 1954 Hague Convention459

(b) Service under the 1965 Hague Convention for service of process460

Service by postal channels directly to the defendant in Japan460

(c)Service by a foreign consular officer461

(d) Service under bilateral judicial co-operation arrangements461

2 SERVICE OF JAPANESE DOCUMENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES462

JSwitzerland462

1 THE PRINCIPLE462

2TREATIES463

(a) The Hague Conventions of 1954 and 1965463

(i)General survey463

(ii) Requirements as to form under the 1954 Convention463

(iii) Requirements as to form under the 1965 Convention: mandatory reliance on Convention464

(iv) Compliance with requests for service and proof of service465

(v) Forms of service465

(vi) Direct service466

(b) Outside the Hague Convention467

3 ON THE BASIS OF COMITY468

4 METHODS OF SERVICE468

5SERVICE OUTSIDE SWITZERLAND468

(a) Through judicial assistance468

(b) Procedure after initial service469

(c) Outside judicial assistance469

KUnited States470

1INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS471

(a) Hague Convention of 1965471

(b) Inter-American Convention472

2 SERVICE OF FOREIGN JUDICIAL DOCUMENTS IN THE US472

3 SERVICE OF SUBPOENAS ON US CITIZENS RESIDING ABROAD472

Chapter ⅩSimultaneous proceedings in various countries473

ABringing simultaneous proceedings473

1WHEN TO BRING PROCEEDINGS473

1 Defendants in different countries are involved473

2 Assets belonging to one or more defendants are located in different countries473

3 Different evidence is available in various countries473

4 Different causes of action are involved474

5 Different laws apply474

2HOW TO BRING SIMULTANEOUS PROCEEDINGS474

(a) Co-ordination474

(b) Choosing the lawyers475

(c) Co-ordinating the lawyers475

(d) Keeping it all in check475

3 WHY BRING SIMULTANEOUS PROCEEDINGS?476

BRestraint of simultaneous proceedings477

1BRUSSELS AND LUGANO CONVENTIONS478

(i) Type 1 (no jurisdiction)478

(ii) Type 2 (forum non conveniens)478

(iii) Type 3 (lis alibi pendens)479

Forum-shopping479

'Seised'482

(iv) Type 4 (injunction to restrain)484

2CONTRACTING STATES485

(a)England and Wales485

(i) Brussels Convention cases485

(ii) Non-Brussels Convention cases486

(b) France492

(i)Lis alibi pendens492

(ii) Stay on the ground of a connected set of proceedings493

(iii) 'L'exception de la chose jugée' (stay on the ground of a foreign judgment)494

(iv) Arbitration clauses494

(v) Jurisdiction clauses494

(c) Germany494

(i)Brussels and Lugano Convention cases494

(ii) Non-Brussels and Lugano Convention cases494

(d) Switzerland495

(i)General introductory remarks495

(ii) The Lugano Convention496

(iii) Bilateral treaties496

(iv) In the absence of treaties497

3OTHER COUNTRIES500

(a) Australia500

(i)Forum or jurisdiction clause500

(ii) Forum non-conveniens/inconvenient forum502

(iii) Lis alibi pendens/foreign pending action502

(iv) Injunction to restrain foreign proceedings503

(b) Canada504

(i)Stay of Canadian proceedings504

(ii) Restraint regarding foreign proceedings506

(c) Japan507

(i)Simultaneous court proceedings507

(ii) Effect of arbitration agreement508

(d) United States508

(i)Forum selection clauses508

(ii) Inconvenient forum509

(iii) Restraint510

Chapter ⅪEnforcement of judgments512

AGeneral512

1 JURISDICTION OF THE COURT GIVING JUDGMENT512

2 JURISDICTION OF THE ENFORCING COURT513

3 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT513

BBrussels Convention514

1 JUDGMENTS514

2RECOGNITION516

(a) Insurance, consumer and exclusive jurisdiction cases516

(b) Public policy516

(c) Due service516

(d) Incompatible prior judgments518

(e) Preliminary issues as to status, etc518

(f) Appeals519

(g) Article 59 of the Convention519

3 ENFORCEMENT520

C The Lugano Convention521

D Recognition ofjudgments under the EU Insolvency Convention521

E Other conventions522

FContracting states522

1ENGLAND AND WALES522

(a)Brussels and Lugano Convention cases523

(i) Procedure523

(ii) Default judgments524

(iii) Interest, costs and currency524

(iv) Appeal524

(b) Countries covered by other reciprocal enforcement treaties525

(i)Requirement for registration526

(ii) Procedure528

(iii) Interest, costs and currency528

(iv) Appeal529

(v) Effect529

(c)Countries not covered by treaties529

(i) Conditions529

(ii) Procedure531

(iii) Interest, costs and currency531

(iv) Appeal532

(v) Effect532

(d) Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980532

(e) Enforcement of English judgments abroad533

2FRANCE533

(a) The treaties533

(i)Bilateral treaties533

(ii) Brussels Convention534

(b) Non-treaty cases536

(i)Conditions with respect to exequatur536

(ii) Rules of procedure539

3GERMANY539

(a)Brussels and Lugano Convention cases539

(i) Procedure539

(ii) Grounds for refusing enforcement540

(iii) Interest, costs and currency541

(iv) Appeal542

(b) Countries covered by other conventions542

(i)Procedure542

(ii) Requirements for enforcement543

(c)Countries not covered by conventions543

(i) Procedure543

(ii) Requirements for enforcement544

(d) Public policy as a ground for refusing enforcement545

(i)Brussels and Lugano Convention cases545

(ii) Other conventions and German domestic law546

(e) Appendix, summarising the conventions on service, evidence and enforcement of judgments between Germany and the other countries considered in this book.547

4SWITZERLAND548

(a) General548

(b) Multilateral and bilateral conventions549

(i)Lugano Convention549

(ii) Other multilateral conventions549

(iii) The bilateral enforcement treaties550

(c) Enforcement based on the Lugano Convention550

(d) Enforcement based on the comity of nations551

(i)Requirements551

(ii) Limitations552

(iii) Procedure553

GOther states553

1AUSTRALIA553

(a) Introduction553

(b) Enforcement of judgments of foreign courts553

Registration under the FJA554

(c)Foreign antitrust judgments558

(d) Enforcement of a judgment against a foreign state558

(e)Common law558

(i) Method of enforcement558

(ii) Requirements for recognition559

(iii) Defences559

(iv) Enforcement560

2CANADA560

(a)Other Canadian jurisdictions561

(i) Registration under reciprocal enforcement legislation562

(ii) Enforcement at common law563

(b) Foreign jurisdictions not covered by any statute or treaty565

(c) Foreign jurisdictions covered by a statute or treaty566

(d) Foreign Extra-territorial Measures Act (Canada)567

(e) Competition Act (Canada)567

(f) Asbestos damages567

(g) Appendix568

3JAPAN571

(a) Conditions for recognition and enforcement of a foreign court's judgment571

(b) Procedure for obtaining an enforcement judgment in Japan572

4UNITED STATES573

(a) US statutes573

(b) Comity574

(c) US public policy575

(i)Default judgments575

(ii) Penalties and tax judgments575

PART CThe European Court of Justice579

Chapter ⅫThe European Court of Justice579

A The court and its powers579

B Constitution580

C References581

D Procedure before the European Court of Justice582

E Timing583

FProcedure of national courts for references to the European Court of Justice584

1 ENGLAND AND WALES584

2FRANCE585

(a) Ordre judiciaire585

(b) The administrative courts585

3 GERMANY586

G Conclusion586

Appendix Ⅰ1954 Hague Convention relating to civil procedure589

Appendix Ⅱ1965 Hague Convention on the service abroad of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters599

Appendix Ⅲ1970 Hague Convention on the taking of evidence abroad in civil or commercial matters611

Bibliography623

Index627