《ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LEGAL PRINCIPLES AND RECOMMENDATIONS》

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Chairman’s Introduction1

Members of the Experts Group on Environmental Law4

Strengthening the Legal and Institutional Framework for Environmen- tal Protection and Sustainable Development5

Consolidated Report of the Experts Group on Environmental Law to the World Commission on Environment and Development5

Legal Principles for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development7

1.Character and Structure of the Proposed Legal Principles7

2.Key Terms Used8

3.Summaries of the Legal Principles8

Proposals for Strengthening the Legal and Institutional Framework14

1.Establish a New Legal Basis for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development15

2.Set Up a Special UN Commission15

3.Appoint an International “Ombudsman”16

4.Strengthen the Existing Global and Regional Legal Framework16

5.Increase the Capacity to Avoid and Settle Disputes17

6.Launch New Initiative of Non-Governmental Organizations on Implementing International Agreements18

7.Expand Participation and Standing of Non-Governmental Organizations18

8.Extend Environmental Responsibilities of Private Enter- prises19

9.Apply Criminal Liability for Environmental Damage20

10.Assess Risks of New Technologies20

11.Adopt Basic Safety and Notification Measures for Nuclear Power Installations20

12.Increase Environmental Education and Expertise20

13.Avoid Severe Environmental Damage from Armed Conflicts21

Annex Ⅰ —List of Background and Discussion Papers21

Annex Ⅱ—Final Report of the Experts Group on Environmental Law on Legal Principles for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development22

Elements for a Draft Convention on Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development23

General Principles Concerning Natural Resources and Environmen- tal Interferences25

Principles Specifically Concerning Transboundary Natural Resources and Environment Interferences27

State Responsibility32

Peaceful Settlement of Disputes32

Final Report of the Experts Group on Environmental Law on Legal Principles for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development35

Use of Terms37

General Principles Concerning Natural Resources and Environmen- tal Interferences38

Principles Specifically Concerning Transboundary Natural Resources and Environmental Interferences72

State Responsibility127

Peaceful Settlement of Disputes130

Annex—List of International Agreements and Other Instruments133

Annex I—Selected Reference Documents145

Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1972147

UN General Assembly Resolution on the World Charter for Nature 1982155

OECD Principles Concerning Transfrontier Pollution 1974161

IIL Resolution on the Use of International Non-Maritime Waters 1961168

IIL Resolution on the Pollution of Rivers and Lakes and Interna- tional Law 1979171

ILA Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers 1966175

ILA Montreal Rules of International Law Applicable to Trans- frontier Pollution 1982187

ILA Montreal Rules on Water Pollution in an International Drainage Basin 1982189

Annex Ⅱ—Mandate of the World Commission on Environment and Development193

Annex Ⅲ—Members of the World Commission on Environment and Development194