《LLOYD'S INTRODUCTION TO JURISPRUDENCE》

1. NATURE OF JURISPRUDENCE1

What is Jurisprudence?1

The Relevance of Jurisprudence2

Acquiring Social Knowledge7

Normative Character of Law13

"Ought" and "Is"14

Form (or Structure) and Content16

Philosophy of Law?16

The Need for a Comprehensive Jurisprudence17

Jurisprudence Today20

EXTRACTS23

The Uses of the Study of JurisprudenceJ.Austin23

Some Jobs for JurisprudenceW. L. Twining25

LegalismJ. Shklar29

A Treatise of Human NatureD.Hume33

Objectivity in Social ResearchG. Myrdal33

Poverty of HistoricismK. Popper37

The Structure of Scientific RevolutionsT. S. Kuhn40

Seven Theories of Human SocietyT.Campbell46

The Scope and Limits of Moral ArgumentJ. Glover49

2. MEANING OF LAW52

The Nature of Definitions52

"Naming a Thing"52

"Essentialism"53

Analysis of Words or Fact55

Are Definitions Necessary?56

Ideological Factors57

Criterion of Validity58

Law and Regularity60

Law and Morals61

Morals as Part of Law64

Law and Value Judgments64

EXTRACTS65

The Case of the Speluncean ExplorersL. L. Fuller65

The Theory of MeaningG. Ryle79

International Law and the Controversy Concerning the Word "Law"G. Williams81

Definition and Theory in JurisprudenceH. L. A. Hart82

The Nature of LawR. Wollheim85

Legal Systems and Lawyers' ReasoningsJ.Stone87

3. NATURAL LAW92

What is Natural Law?92

The Attractions of Natural Law99

Natural Law and Idealism105

Greek Origins106

Jus Gentium108

Medieval Period109

Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation111

Grotius and International Law115

Natural Law and the Social Contract115

The Eighteenth Century123

Nineteenth Century126

Twentieth Century127

Fuller and the Morality of Law129

Hart on Natural Law133

Finnis and the Restatement of Natural Law136

Liberty and Human Rights143

Liberty and Civil Disobedience146

Conclusion148

EXTRACTS149

Nicomachean EthicsAristotle149

De Re PuhlicaCicero150

InstitutesJustinian150

Summa TheologicaAquinas151

LeviathanT. Hobbes156

Two Treatises of GovernmentLocke158

The Social ContractJ.J.Rousseau160

Man and the StateJ. Maritain164

The United States Constitution166

Griswold v. Connecticut168

Harper v. Virginia State Board of Education170

Roe v. Wade172

Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany175

Firma Nold v. E.C. Commission179

Natural RightsM. MacDonald182

The Morality of LawL. L. Fuller184

Review of Fuller, Anatomy of the LawP. Selznick200

Natural Law and Natural RightsJ. M. Finnis203

Some Anthropological Considerations Concerning Natural LawMargaret Mead226

The Epistemology of Human RightsA. Gewirth229

4. BENTHAM, AUSTIN AND CLASSICAL POSITIVISM246

Sovereignty and its Origins246

Bentham and the Utilitarians247

Bentham's "Of Laws in General"250

Austin255

Criticisms256

Conclusion270

EXTRACTS272

A Fragment on GovernmentJ. Bentham 272

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and LegislationJ. Bentham272

Of Laws in GeneralJ. Bentham276

The Province of Jurisprudence DeterminedJ.Austin295

The Theory of Sovereignty Re-statedW. J. Rees309

Harris and Others v. Donges and Another315

Attorney-General for the State of New South Wales and Others v. Trethowan and Others317

5. PURE THEORY OF LAW320

Kant v. Hume320

Norms and the Basic Norm322

Hierarchy of Norms and Law-Making Process324

Sanctions325

Kelsen and Austin328

Norm and Command328

Sanctions329

Legal Dynamics329

Basic Norm329

Critique330

International Law336

The Rules of Recognition338

International Law and Sanctions341

Law and Fact342

Non-legal Norms343

The Structure of a Legal System344

The Logic of Legal Science344

EXTRACTS348

The Pure Theory of LawH. Kelsen348

General Theory of Law and StateH. Kelsen354

Causality and ImputationH. Kelsen362

Professor Stone and the Pure Theory of LawH. Kelsen365

The Pure Theory of LawH. Kelsen367

The Function of a ConstitutionH. Kelsen379

The Purity of the Pure TheoryJ. Raz385

6. MODERN TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL AND NORMATIVE JURISPRUDENCE397

Hart's Concept of Law402

An Outline of Hart's Jurisprudence403

The "Internal Aspect" of Law406

The Rule of Recognition403

Is Law A System of Rules?411

Rawls and Distributive Justice413

Nozick and the Minimal State420

The Economic Analysis of Law426

Rights433

Hohfeld's Analysis of Rights443

EXTRACTS446

Hart Positivism and the Separation of Law and MoralsH. L. A.446

Positivism and Fidelity to Law—a Reply to Professor HartL. L. Fuller449

Definition and Theory in JurisprudenceH. L. A. Hart453

Contemporary Legal Philosophy: the the Rediscovery of Practical ReasonN. MacCormick459

The Problem About the Nature of LawJ. Raz473

Practical Reason and NormsJ. Raz484

A Trump Over UtilityRonald Dworkin488

Between Utility and RightsH. L. A. Hart498

HartRonald Dworkin509

Is Wealth a Value?Ronald Dworkin517

Dworkin's Critique of Wealth MaximisationRichard A. Posner522

A Theory of JusticeJ. Rawls526

Anarchy, State and UtopiaR. Nozick538

Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial ReasoningW. N. Hohfeld541

7. SOCIOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND THE SOCIOLOGY OF LAW548

Introduction548

Comte and Sociology550

Laissez Faire and Herbert Spencer551

Jhering (1818-1892)553

Max Weber (1864-1920)554

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)557

Eugen Ehrlich (1862-1922)562

Roscoe Pound (1870-1964)564

Social Engineering565

Values568

A Consensus Model Society570

Sociological Jurisprudence Since Pound572

Lasswell and McDougal574

Selznick577

From Sociological Jurisprudence—Towards a Sociology of Law578

Unger and the Development of Modern Law583

EXTRACTS586

Law as Means to an EndR. von Jhering586

Economy and SocietyM.Weber587

The Division of Labour in SocietyE. Durkheim598

Principles of the Sociology of LawEhrlich601

Philosophy of LawR. Pound606

Outlines of JurisprudenceR. Pound609

Contemporary Juristic TheoryR. Pound610

Models of Sociological EnquiryWilliam Chambliss615

The Social Reality of CrimeRichard Quinney618

Social Control Through LawR. Pound625

Law as an Integrative MechanismHarry C. Bredemeier627

The Sociology of LawP. Selznick631

Law and the Social SciencesJ. Stone637

Law in Modern SocietyR. M. Unger639

The Boundaries of Legal SociologyDonald Black645

For Jurisprudential SociologyPhilippe Nonet654

Dichotomy and Contradiction in the Sociology of LawA. Hunt659

The Sociological Concept of LawR. Cotterrell667

8. AMERICAN REALISM679

The "Revolt against Formalism"679

Mr. Justice Holmes680

The American Legal System682

The "Realist" Movement in Law683

Fact-skeptics and Rule-skeptics684

Achievements of the Realists686

Llewellyn on Institutions and "Law-Jobs"688

The Common Law Tradition689

Scientific and Normative Laws694

Where Stands Realism Today?694

Summers and "Pragmatic Instrumentalism"695

Realism and Constructivism698

Jurimetrics701

Judicial Behaviouralism705

Critical Legal Studies709

EXTRACTS717

The Path of the LawO. W. Holmes717

The Bad Man RevisitedW. Twining718

Muller v. The State of Oregon724

PragmatismW. James726

Logical Method and LawJ. Dewey728

Lochner v. New York730

Law and the Modern MindJ. Frank732

Courts on TrialJ. Frank736

Some Realism about RealismK. Llewellyn739

Using the Newer JurisprudenceK. Llewellyn744

The Common Law TraditionK. Llewellyn747

My Philosophy of LawK.Llewellyn757

The Normative, The Legal and the Law-Jobs: The Problem of Juristic MethodK. Llewellyn762

The Significance of RealismW. Twining777

Jurimetrics—The Next Step ForwardLee Loevinger783

Mathematical Prediction of Judicial BehaviorGlendon Schubert787

New Developments in Legal TheoryR. W. Gordon791

The Ideological Content of Legal EducationDuncan Kennedy799

9. THE SCANDINAVIAN REALISTS804

Axel Hagerstrom (1868-1939)805

Law as Fact808

Ross's Theory of Law810

"Valid Law"811

The "Verifiability" Principle814

Origin of Law816

"Reductionism" and Legal Concepts817

Features of Law818

Law and Morals819

Legal Ideology—the Method of Justice v. Social Welfare821

Scandinavian and American Realism823

EXTRACTS824

Inquiries into the Nature of Law and MoralsAxel Hagerstrom824

Law as FactK. Olivecrona829

Legal Language and RealityK. Olivecrona838

Law as FactK. Olivecrona841

Legal Thinking RevisedA. V. Lundstedt849

On Law and JusticeA.Ross852

Directives and NormsA.Ross855

Tu-tuA.Ross861

Problems of Legal PhilosophyF. Castberg864

10. HISTORICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE866

The Romantic Reaction866

Herder and Hegel866

The German Historical School867

F. K. von Savigny (1779-1861)868

The Volkgeist—Some Problems869

Legislation and Juristenrecht870

Sir Henry Maine (1822-1888)872

Law and Anthropology873

Dispute Processes880

Law and Development882

Custom in Developed Systems885

Roman Law886

The Common Law887

EXTRACTS890

System of Modern Roman LawF. K. von Savigny890

Ancient LawSir Henry Maine895

The Law of Primitive ManE. A. Hoebel898

Judicial Process among the BarotseM. Gluckman904

Human Interaction and the LawL. L. Fuller911

Chieftainship and LegitimacyI. Hamnett921

Custom, Law and Terrorist ViolenceE. Leach925

The Differing Realms of the LawPaul Bohannan931

The Rule of Law versus the Order of CustomS. Diamond934

Legal Evolution and Societal ComplexityR. Schwartz and J. Miller939

Law, Modernisation and MystificationP. Fitzpatrick946

11. MARXIST THEORIES OF LAW AND STATE952

Dialectics, Hegel and Marx953

Marx and Hegel's Political Philosophy954

The Materialist Conception of History956

Base and Superstructure958

The Question of Class964

Marx and Ideology966

The State and Law970

Marx and Justice, Morality and Human Rights973

The "Withering Away" of the State979

The Contribution of Lenin981

Other Marxisms984

Karl Renner984

Antonio Gramsci985

The Frankfurt School986

The Soviet Experience987

Pashukanis988

Stalinism992

Contemporary Thought in the Soviet Union993

Three Key Ideas in Soviet Law996

Socialist Legality996

Parental Law997

Centralised Economic Planning998

Contemporary Marxist Jurisprudence in the West999

Quinney1000

Bankowski and Mungham1001

Marxist Theories of Law and State—a Critique1003

EXTRACTS1008

Philosophy of RightF.Hegel1008

Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of RightK.Marx1009

Preface to Contribution to Critique of Political EconomyK. Marx1010

German IdeologyK.Marx1011

The Housing QuestionF. Engels1012

Letter to J. Bloch, September 21, 1890F. Engels1013

Letter to Conrad Schmidt, October 27, 1890F. Engels1013

Karl Marx's Theory of HistoryG.A.Cohen1014

Can the Base be Distinguished from the Superstructure?S. Lukes1019

Marxism and LiteratureR. Williams1024

German IdeologyK. Marx1028

State Power and Class InterestsR. Miliband1028

Two LecturesM. Foucault1036

Preface to The Critique of Political EconomyK. Marx1043

CapitalK. Marx1044

The German IdeologyK. Marx and F. Engels1052

Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical PhilosophyF. Engels1052

Whigs and HuntersE. P. Thompson1054

The Civil War in FranceK. Marx1060

Critique of the Gotha ProgrammeK. Marx1061

Anti-DuhringF. Engels1062

State and RevolutionV. Lenin1063

The Institutions of Private Law and their Social FunctionsK. Renner1065

Law and MarxismE. Pashukanis1073

The Significance of General Definitions in the Study of Problems of Law and Socialist LegalityO. S. Ioffe and M. D. Shargorodskii1082

Justice in the U.S.S.R.H. Berman1085

Critique of Legal OrderR. Quinney1090

12. THE JUDICIAL PROCESS1095

The Nature of Legal Sources1095

The Common Law1097

Adjudication1097

Justiciability1099

Stare Decisis1100

The Common Law Approach1102

Rules of Law or Rules of Practice?1106

The Civil Law1109

Critique1113

Ratio Decidendi1115

Judges and Discretion1120

Dworkin and the Rights Thesis1121

Sartorius and How Principles Become Law1126

Some Concluding Comments1129

Judge-Made Law1129

English and American Judges as Lawmakers1132

Prospective Overruling1136

Judicial Reasoning1138

Statutory Construction1142

EXTRACTS1157

London Tramways Co. v. London County Council1157

Practice Direction [1966] 3 All E. R. 771157

Young v. British Aeroplane Co.1158

The Ratio Decidendi of a CaseA. L. Goodhart1159

The Ratio of the Ratio DecidendiJ. Stone1164

Lectures on JurisprudenceJ. Austin1164

Nature of the Judicial ProcessCardozo1176

Language and the LawGlanville Williams1180

Problems of the Philosophy of LawH. L. A. Hart1183

GodsJ. Wisdom1189

Formal Justice and the Form of Legal ArgumentsD. N. MacCormick1190

Problems of Legal PhilosophyF. Castberg1194

An Introduction to Legal ReasoningE. H. Levi1198

Taking Rights SeriouslyR. Dworkin1201

Law as InterpretationR. Dworkin1213

Social Policy and Judicial LegislationR. Sartorius1220

Heydon's Case1223

Seaford Court Estates Ltd. v. Asher1224

Magor and St. Mellons R.D.C. v. Newport Corpn.1225

Comparative LawH. C. Gutteridge1226

Nicomachean EthicsAristotle1229

Ancient LawSir Henry Maine1230

Swiss Civil Code1231

Index of Authors1233

Index of Subjects1245