《AEROSPACE LAW TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES》

Chapter 1:Preliminary Remarks1

A.Basic technology1

B.Advantages of Telecommunications Satellites2

C.Satellite Telecommunications:Basic Notions5

D.Telecommunications Satellites:Types6

1.Active and passive satellites6

2.Geostationary orbit satellites6

3.Elliptical orbit satellites7

4.Point-to-point satellites7

5.Distribution satellites8

6.Direct broadcast satellites8

E.Instrumentalities of Satellite Telecommunications and the Aerospace Medium9

F.Political and Legal Implications12

Chapter 2:International Cooperation15

A.International Non-governmental Organizations17

1.The International Council of Scientific Unions17

(a)The International Geophysical Year18

(b)The Committee on Space Research19

2.International Non-governmental organizations not affiliated with the ICSU21

(a)The International Astronautical Federation21

(b)The International Institute of Space Law23

(c)The International Law Association24

(d)The Institute of International Law26

(e)The World Peace Through Law Center26

B.International Inter-governmental Organizations28

1.The United Nations28

(a)The competence of the United Nations28

(b)The General Assembly29

(c)The Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)32

(d)The Working Group on DBS33

(e)The Working Group on a Navigational Services Satellite System36

(f)The Outer Space Affairs Division37

(g)The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)39

2.The International Telecommunication Union40

(a)General activities40

(b)Technical assistance activities41

3.The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)43

(a)General activities43

(b)Promotion of international agreements44

(c)Declaration of Guiding Principles on the Free Flow of Information44

(d)Declaration on Fundamental Principles Concerning the Mass Media49

(e)Assistance to member States50

4.Other organizations51

C.Regional Cooperation52

1.Western Europe53

(a)The European Postal and Telecommunications Conference53

(b)The European Conference on Telecommunications Satellites53

(c)The European Space Conference (ESC)55

2.Eastern Europe:INTERCOSMOS58

3.Other organizations59

Chapter 3:Telecommunications Satellites and International Law61

A.The Jurisdiction of States63

1.Fixed installation64

2.Broadcasting services services66

B.Responsibility of States71

C.Aerospace Law and Telecommunications Satellites73

1.Compliance with international law and the Charter of the United Nations74

2."The Common Heritage of Mankind" principle76

3.Freedom of exploration and use and its limitations80

4.State responsibility81

5.State liability82

6.Registration83

Chapter 4:The International Telecommunication Union85

A.The Purpose and Structure of the ITU85

B.The ITU's Regulatory Regime before the Space Age87

C.A Regulatory Regime for the Radio Spectrum93

D.Regulation of the Use of the Geostationary Orbit103

Chapter 5:The Commercial Use of Telecommunications Satellites107

A.Global Coverage108

1.INTELSAT108

(a)Origin and scope108

(b)Nature111

(c)Legal personality112

(d)Structure of the organization115

(e)Membership123

(f)Rights and obligations of members125

(g)Intersystem coordination129

(h)Domestic public telecommunications and experimental services131

(i)International public telecommunications services133

(j)Specialized telecommunications services139

2.INTERSPUTNIK141

(a)Origin and scope141

(b)Structure of the organization143

(c)The possibility of closer links between INTELSAT and INTERSPUTNIK144

3.Mobile (navigational) telecommunications satellite systems145

(a)AEROSAT146

(b)MAROTS/MARECS147

(c)MARISAT148

(d)INMARSAT149

B.Regional Systems153

1.The European Communications Satellite System (ECS)153

(a)The European Space Agency153

(b)The Interim EUTELSAT155

2.The Arab League's ARABSAT system157

3.The PALAPA-B regional system159

C.Bilateral Experiments160

1.Canada and the USA160

2.France and Germany162

3.India and the USA163

D.National (Domestic) Systems165

1.The United States165

(a)Western Union's WESTAR system166

(b)RCA's SATCOM system166

(c)The COMSTAR system167

(d)Satellite Business Systems168

(e)Other planned systems168

2.The Soviet Union169

3.Canada170

4.Indonesia173

5.Planned systems of other countries173

(a)Australia174

(b)Brazil174

(c)China175

(d)India176

(e)Japan177

E.Telecommunications Satellite Systems:The use of the Radio Spectrum and the Geostationary Orbit178

Chapter 6:Direct Broadcast Satellites179

A.Technological Developments:Experiments and Projects179

1.PEACESAT179

2.ESA's direct broadcast satellites:H-Sat and L-Sat180

3.NORDSAT182

4.Other systems184

B.Legal Issues186

C.Law-making within COPUOS187

1.General background187

2.Arguments for and against prior agreement189

D.National Sovereignty and Freedom of Information194

1.The myth of absolute sovereignty and its corollaries of de facto equality and independence195

2.Functional sovereignty and regulated freedom of information196

Chapter 7:Specific Issues:"Piracy" and Transfer of Technology199

A.The Prevention of Unauthorized Distribution of Programme carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite199

B.The Participation of Developing States in Telecommunications by Satellite203

Chapter 8:Concluding Remarks:Towards A New International Order for Survival209

A.General International Law and Aerospace Law209

B.The ITU:Mankind's Trustee for the Coordination of the Radio Spectrum211

C.INTELSAT:An Example of Outer Space Use for the Benefit of Mankind212

D.DBS:An Opportunity for Better International Understanding213

E.Towards A New International Order for Survival214

Appendices217

ⅠThe Outer Space Treaty217

Ⅱ ITU Convention and Radio Regulations (Extracts)222

Ⅲ INTELSAT Agreement (Extracts)249

Ⅳ INTELSAT Operating Agreement (Extracts)267

Ⅴ INTERSPUTNIK Agreement277

Ⅵ INMARSAT Convention (Extracts)285

Ⅶ INMARSAT Operating Agreement (Extracts)297

Ⅷ ARABSAT Agreement302

Ⅸ INTERIM EUTELSAT Agreement (Extracts)312

Ⅹ INTERIM EUTELSAT Supplementary Agreement (ECS)322

Ⅺ INTERIM EUTELSAT Supplementary Agreement (MAROTS)326

Ⅻ The Brussels Convention of 1974329

ⅩⅢ The Broadcasting Convention of 1936333

ⅩⅣ COPUOS (Draft) Principles on Direct Broadcast Satellites (1981)337

ⅩⅤ The Bogota Declaration of 1976341

ⅩⅥ Resolution BP of the 1979 WARC (now Resolution 3)345

Selected Bibliography347

Index of Authors Cited351