《Human Biochemistry Fourth Edition》求取 ⇩

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION17

Protoplasm17

Water of Tissues18

Inorganic and Organic Constituents18

Classification of Biological Elements19

Isotopes20

CHAPTER 2PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY21

Law of Mass Action21

Hydrogen Ion and Hydroxyl Ion Concentration22

Buffers24

Indicators25

Indicator Method of Determining Hydrogen Ion Concentration26

Titratable Acidity28

The Colloidal State30

Types of Colloids31

Electrical Charges on Colloids31

Surface Reactions of Colloids33

Surface Tension34

Gas Laws35

Diffusion,Osmosis,and Dialysis36

Membranes in the Animal Body39

Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium39

Viscosity41

Emulsions41

Ion Exchange Resins41

Chromatography42

CHAPTER 3CARBOHYDRATES44

Classification44

Monosaccharides44

Disaccharides45

Polysaccharides45

Structure of the Monosaccharides45

The Asymmetric Carbon46

Specific Rotation50

Sugars as Reducing Agents51

Formation of Osazones52

Desoxysugars54

Action of Alkalies on Sugars54

Action of Acids on Sugars55

Glycosides56

Mutarotation and the Structure of the Monosaccharides57

Structure of Disaccharides58

Monosaccharide Phosphates59

Fermentation60

Monosaccharides61

Disaccharides64

Sweetness of Sugars65

Polysaccharides66

Carbohydrate Derivatives72

CHAPTER 4LIPIDS75

Fats76

Physical Properties of Fats78

Hydrolysis of Fats78

Glycerol79

Soaps79

Unsaturation82

Rancidity82

Identification of Fats and Oils83

Essential Fatty Acids84

Waxes85

Sterols85

Cholesterol87

Other Important Sterols88

Phospholipids90

Lecithins90

Cephalins91

Sphilgomyelins92

Cardiolipins92

Glycolipids93

CHAPTER 5PROTEINS95

Classification96

Simple Proteins96

Compound Proteins97

Derived Proteins97

Occurrence and Properties of the Proteins98

General Properties of Proteins102

Amino Acids104

Peptide Linkage110

Isoelectric Point111

Denaturation and Coagulation115

Nutritional Importance of Proteins118

CHAPTER 6TISSTES128

The Ceil128

General Composition of Tissues131

Epidermal Tissues132

Connective Tissues133

Bone135

Bone Formation136

Bone Marrow138

Teeth138

Adipose Tissue140

Nervous Tissue140

Muscle Tissue143

CHAPTER 7MILK148

General Composition of Milk and Factors Modifying It148

Species149

Individual Variations,Age150

Period of Lactation150

Diet151

Physical and Mental Conditions,etc152

Fractions of a Single Nursing152

Composition of Human and Cow＇s Milk152

Physical Characteristics and Reaction153

Lactose153

Proteins154

Lipids156

Ash157

Vitamins157

Nutritive Importance of Milk162

CHAPTER 8BLOOD164

Functions164

General Composition165

Physical Characteristics166

Blood Plasma167

Albumin and Globulin169

Red Blood Cells175

Hemoglobin176

White Blood Cells184

Platelets184

Blood Coagulation184

Anemias194

Blood Transfusion and Blood Substitution196

Lymph200

Other Body Fluids201

Cerebrospinal Fluid201

Semen202

Transudates and Exudates202

Medicolegal Tests for Blood203

CHAPTER 9ENZYMES206

History of Enzyme Chemistry206

Preparation of Material207

Chemical Nature of Enzymes208

Terminology of Enzymes208

Classification210

Specificity211

Factors Influencing Enzyme Action212

Reversibility and Synthetic Action215

Inhibitors and Activators216

CHAPTER 10DIGESTION219

Saliva219

Functions of Saliva221

Enzymes of Saliva221

Gastric Digestion222

Gastric Juice223

Hydrochloric Acid224

Enzymes227

Digestion in the Small Intestine230

Reaction of the Intestine231

Pancreatic Juice231

Intestinal Juice234

Bile235

CHAPTER 11CHEMICAL CHANGES WITHIN THE LARGE INTESTINE245

General Character of Feces of Adult246

Action of Microorganisms on Carbohydrates and Fats247

Fecal Lipids247

Action of Microorganisms on Proteins248

The Question of Autointoxication250

CHAPTER 12VITAMINS254

Historical254

The Fat-Soluble Vitamins257

Vitamin A257

Vitamin D264

Vitamin E272

Vitamin K274

The Water-Soluble Vitamins277

Vitamin C278

The Vitamin B Complex285

Vitamin B1286

The Heal-Stable B Vitamins289

Riboflavin289

Niacin(Nicotinic Acid)291

Pyridoxine293

Pantothenic Acid295

Biotin298

Para-Aminobenzoic Acid298

Pteroyl-glutamic Acid(＂Folic Acid＂)300

Vitamin B12302

Other Essential Nutritional Factors304

Choline304

Inositoi305

α-Lipoic Acid306

Biosynthesis of Vitamins306

Subacute and Multiple Avitaminoses306

Vitamins in Daily Life308

Vitamins as Drugs308

Conditioned Vitamin Deficiencies309

CHAPTER 13FOODS314

The Energy Factor314

The Protein Factor315

The Carbohydrate Factor319

The Fat Factor320

The Mineral Factor321

Acid-and Base-Forming Properties of Foods323

Vitamins in Food324

Recommended Dietary Allowances325

Preservation of Foods328

Food Allergy330

Diet Therapy331

Unbalanced and Incomplete Diets338

CHAPTER 14PHYSIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS341

Oxidations341

Energy Relationships342

Respiratory Enzymes and Carriers346

Hydrogen Activation346

The Coenzymes346

Flavoproteins348

The Cytochromes349

Other Possible Agents351

Peroxidases and Catalases353

Energy Production and Utilization353

Oxidative Decarboxylations356

CHAPTER 15NITROGEN METABOLISM362

Absorption362

General Path of the Amino Acids in the Body363

Nitrogen Balance364

Uses of Amino Acids365

Urea Formation371

Ammonia Formation374

Metabolism of Some Individual Amino Acids376

Creatine and Creatinine393

Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism396

Synthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines402

Clinical Uses of Amino Acids405

Essential Amino Acids406

CHAPTER 16CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM412

Absorption413

The Blood Sugar414

Glycogen Formation in the Liver415

Phosphorylation and Phosphorolysis415

Glycogenolysis in the Liver417

Glycogenesis in Muscle419

Glycogenolysis in Muscle419

Utilization of Glucose420

Carbohydrate Metabolism in Striated Muscle Contraction421

Fate of Lactic Acid and of Pyruvie Acid425

Carbohydrate Metabolism in Heart Muscle429

Carbohydrate Metabolism in Nervous Tissue430

Metabolism of Pentoses430

Abnormal Carbohydrate Metabolism431

Insulin434

Action of Insulin436

Influence of Other Endocrine Glands Upon Carbohydrate Metabolism442

CHAPTER 17LIPID METABOLISM446

Physiological Value of Fats446

Absorption of Fat446

Fat From Carbohydrates and Proteins448

Transport of Fat448

Changes Occurring in the Liver449

Fate of Fat in the Body450

Storage of Fats450

Oxidation of Fatty Acids454

Ketogenesis459

Ketosis460

Ketogenic and Antiketogenic Substances461

Essential Fatty Acids463

Rancidity of Fat464

Metabolism of Lecithin464

Metabolism of Cholesterol465

Abnormalities of Lipid Metabolism468

CHAPTER 18MINERAL METABOLISM AND WATER BALANCE472

The Mineral Composition of the Body472

Calcium and Phosphorus474

Magnesium478

Iron478

Iodine482

Sodium,Potassium,and Chlorine486

Water Balance489

Pathways of Salts and Water489

General Distribution of Body Fluids489

Electrolyte Content of Body Fluids491

Intake of Water494

Output of Water and Salts494

Pathological Dehydration and Related Conditions498

CHAPTER 19URINE505

General Characteristics505

General Composition of Urine512

Pathological Constituents523

Inborn Errors of Metabolism531

CHAPTER 20THE CHEMISTRY OF RESPIRATION AND ACID-BASE BALANCE534

Flow of Respiratory Gases534

The Carriage of Oxygen535

The Carriage of Carbon Dioxide537

The Chloride Shift538

Acid-Base Balance542

The Buffer Systems of the Blood543

The Role of the Kidney545

Acidosis and Alkalosis548

Disturbances in Acid-Base Balance549

CHAPTER 21ENERGY METABOLISM552

Heat Regulation of the Body552

Measurement of Heat554

The Respiratory Quotient556

Metabolism of Ethyl Alcohol559

Basal Metabolism560

Normal Influences566

Pathological Influences568

Specific Dynamic Action of Foods570

Influence of Muscular Work Upon Total Metabolism572

Influence of Mental Work Upon Total Metabolism573

Influence of Sleep573

Total Heat Production573

Metabolism of Children574

Practical Considerations575

CHAPTER 22CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BLOOD577

General Composition of Blood577

Glucose580

Nonprotein Nitrogenous Constituents582

Total Nonprotein Nitrogen582

Blood Urea583

Uric Acid584

Creatinine586

Cholesterol587

Proteins589

Hemoglobin589

Albumins,Globulins,and Fibrinogen591

Calcium and Phosphorus593

Sodium and Potassium594

Chloride594

Iodine595

Carbon Dioxide Combining Power595

pH596

Bile Pigments596

Enzymes598

CHAPTER 23HORMONES601

Hormones of the Gastrointestinal Tract601

Insulin602

Epinephrine604

Adrenal Cortex606

Thyroid Gland614

The Parathroid Glands619

The Pituitary Gland620

The Posterior Pituitary Lobe621

The Anterior Pituitary Lobe623

Chorionic Gonadotrophin631

Ovarian Hormones631

Corpus Luteum Hormone633

The Testicular Hormone635

CHAPTER 24CHEMICAL STRUCTURE IN RELATION TO BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA642

Detoxication643

Biochemical Antagonism649

CHAPTER 25RECENT CLINICAL APPLICATIONS656

Liver Function Tests656

Kidney Function Tests657

Pancreatic Function Test660

Blood Pressure660

Dental Caries661

Biochemistry of Inflammation663

The Biochemistry of Tumors663

Acid Phosphatase and the Prostate Gland668

Penicillin and Other Antibiotics668

The Sulfa Drugs673

Radioactive Isotopes676

Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors676

Cortisone and ACTH in Rheumatoid Arthritis679

Pyrogens680

APPENDIXAPPENDIX685

Color Plates278

Ⅰ．Gingivitis in latent scurvy278

Ⅱ．Pitting edema of the leg in thiamine deficiency286

Ⅲ．Cheilitis and photophobia following vitamin B complex deficiency290

Ⅳ．Early glossitis of vitamin B complex deficiency290

Ⅴ．Results of severe niacin deficiency292