《Mechanisms of Disease An Introduction to Pathology》

Introduction1

PART Ⅰ11

Chapter Ⅰ．Degenerative and Regressive Disturbances of Cells and Tissues13

Ⅰ．Introduction13

Ⅱ．Degenerative and Infiltrative Changes15

A．Cloudy Swelling and Vacuolar Degeneration15

B．Fatty Deposition18

C．Hyaline Degenerations25

D．Amyloidosis32

E．Mucoid and Colloid Degenerations35

F．Glycogenic Infiltration36

Ⅲ．Regressive Disturbances37

A．Necrosis37

B．Autolysis and Putrefaction47

References48

Chapter Ⅱ．Inflammation53

Ⅰ．Introduction53

Ⅱ．The Vascular Phenomena of Acute Inflammation54

A．Lewis＇＂Triple Response＂54

B．Microscopic Changes56

C．Mechanisms of Vascular Changes in Acute Inflammation59

Ⅲ．The Inflammatory Exudate63

A．Formation of the Exudate63

B．Fluid Component of the Inflammatory Exudate66

C．Cellular Components of the Inflammatory Exudate66

D．Types of Inflammation74

Ⅳ．Biochemistry of Inflammation81

A．Humoral Mediators in Inflammation82

B．Biochemical Changes in Inflamed Tissues86

Ⅴ．Endocrine Control of Inflammation87

Ⅵ．Biology of Inflammation88

References90

Chapter Ⅲ．Repair，Regeneration and Tissue Transplantation96

Ⅰ．Introduction96

Ⅱ．Repair97

A．Normal Wound Healing98

B．Abnormal Wound Healing110

Ⅲ．Regeneration111

A．Classification of Tissues112

B．Regeneration of Some Special Tissues113

C．Stimulus for Regeneration119

Ⅳ．Tissue Transplantation122

A．General Principles of Tissue Transplantation124

B．Some Practical Uses of Tissue Transplantation127

References132

Chapter Ⅳ．Disturbances of Growth and Differentiation of Tissues139

Ⅰ．Introduction139

Ⅱ．Disturbances of Growth141

A．Aplasia，Agenesia and Hypoplasia141

B．Atrophy144

C．Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy147

Ⅲ．Disturbances in Differentiation151

A．Metaplasia152

B．Anaplasia155

C．Nomicoplasia156

References156

Chapter Ⅴ．General Pathology of Tumors159

Ⅰ．Introduction159

Ⅱ．Definition，Nomenclature and Classification161

A．Definition161

B．Nomenclature163

C．Classification164

Ⅲ．The Etiology of Tumors170

A．Experimental Studies171

B．The Significance of Experimental Studies in Human Carcinogenesis177

C．Clinical Studies178

D．Theories on the＂Cause＂of Cancer193

Ⅳ．Anatomy，Physiology and Biochemistry of Tumors197

A．Anatomy of Tumors201

B．Physiology of Tumors208

C．Biochemistry of Tumors213

Ⅴ．The Dissemination of Tumors214

A．Invasion215

B．Metastasis220

C．Difficulties in Determining Route of Neoplastic Dissemination228

D．The Single，Isolated Metastasis229

E．Frequency and Distribution of Metastases229

F．Transplantation of Tumors231

Ⅵ．Diagnosis232

A．Biopsy232

B．Histologic Diagnosis of Cancer234

C．Complications of Biopsy237

D．Exfoliative Cytology238

E．The Study of the Surgical Specimen240

References240

PART Ⅱ249

Chapter Ⅵ．General Pathology of Connective Tissues251

Ⅰ．Introduction251

Ⅱ．Organization of Connective Tissues252

A．Morphology and Biochemistry253

B．Physiology and Functions265

Ⅲ．Elementary Lesions of Connective Tissues278

A．Elementary Lesions278

B．Hypersensitivity and the Connective Tissues282

Ⅳ．Diffuse Collagen Diseases283

A．A Concept283

B．General Pathology284

C．Etiology and Pathogenesis293

Ⅴ．Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissues296

A．Marfan＇s Syndrome298

B．Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome299

C．Osteogenesis Imperfecta299

D．Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum300

E．Hurler＇s Syndrome301

References302

Chapter Ⅶ．General Pathology of the Host-Parasite Relation313

Ⅰ．Introduction313

Ⅱ．Defense Mechanisms of the Host316

A．Local Defense Mechanisms316

B．Systemic Defense Mechanisms321

C．Concept of Immunity327

Ⅲ．Aggressive Mechanisms of the Parasite329

A．Pathogenicity and Virulence329

B．Aggressive Mechanisms of Bacteria，Rickettsiae，Viruses and Fungi331

C．Aggressive Mechanisms of Animal Parasites333

D．Parasitic Associations334

Ⅳ．The Host-Parasite Relation335

A．Types of Host-Parasite Relation335

B．Establishment336

C．Factors Influencing，the Host-Parasite Relation337

D．Nonspecific Reactions of the Host338

Ⅴ．Chemotherapy342

A．Definition342

B．Selective Toxicity342

C．Mechanism of Action343

D．Resistance344

E．Control of Chemotherapy in the Laboratory347

F．The Host-Parasite Relation347

References348

Chapter Ⅷ．General Pathology of the Immune Response354

Ⅰ．Introduction354

Ⅱ．Antigens and Antibodies355

A．Nature of Antigens355

B．Nature of Antibodies359

C．Antigen-Antibody Reaction364

Ⅲ．Hypersensitivity364

A．Types of Hypersensitivity365

B．Hypersensitivity and Immunity372

C．Autoimmunity and Disease372

D．Biology of the Immune Response378

References379

Chapter Ⅸ．General Pathology of Body Fluids and Electrolytes386

Ⅰ．Introduction386

Ⅱ．Distribution，Composition and Exchange of Body Fluids387

A．Distribution of Water in the Organism387

B．Composition of Body Fluids388

C．The Exchange of Fluids in the Body390

Ⅲ．Control of Volume and Concentration of Body Fluids392

A．Volume393

B．Concentration395

C．Integration of Mechanisms Regulating Volume and Concentration of Body Fluids397

Ⅳ．Pathologic Changes in Volume and Concentration of Body Fluids397

A．Changes in Volume of Body Fluids397

B．Changes in Concentration of Body Fluids398

C．Edema401

Ⅴ．Regulation of H+Ion Equilibrium407

A．Basic Principles408

B．Physicochemical Regulation410

C．Physiologic Regulation410

Ⅵ．Disturbances in the Equilibrium of the H+Ion412

A．Acidosis413

B．Alkalosis414

References414

Chapter Ⅹ．General Pathology of Metabolism and Nutrition420

Ⅰ．Introduction420

Ⅱ．Normal Metabolism421

A．Energy Metabolism421

B．Intermediary Metabolism426

C．The Common Metabolic Cycle436

Ⅲ．Disturbances of Metabolism436

A．Disturbances in Intermediary Metabolism437

B．Inborn Errors of Metabolism448

C．The Metabolic Response to Trauma452

Ⅳ．Nutrition459

A．Normal Food Requirements459

B．Disturbances of Nutrition462

References470

Epilogue．The Nature of Disease479

Ⅰ．The Beginning of the Story，or The Magical Concept of Disease480

Ⅱ．The Hellenic Contribution，or The Birth of Reason482

Ⅲ．Galenic Interlude484

Ⅳ．The Medieval Period，or The Reign of Dogma and Unreason485

Ⅴ．Paracelsus487

Ⅵ．From the Renaissance to Claude Bernard489

Ⅶ．Bernard，Virchow and Cannon，or The Modern Concept of Disease491

INDEX495