《Practical Orthodontics Eighth Edition》

CHAPTER 1ORTHODONTICS13

CHAPTER 2HISTORICAL RESUME OF THE EVOLUTION AND GROWTH OF ORTHODONTICS＆(BY BERNHARD WOLF WEINBERGER)37

Introduction37

Origin of the Word＂Orthodontics＂；the Terms Used to Designate It，and Their Definitions40

Facial Expression as Influenced by the Teeth43

Observations on Occlusion45

Causes of Malocclusion48

Classification of Malocclusion51

Means Employed in Treatment of Malocclusion72

Summary84

Consideration of Orthodontic Progress86

Consideration of Modern Orthodontics From the Period of Specialization87

CHAPTER 3OCCLUSION OF THE TEETH92

Static，Dynamic Occlusion，Physiologic Rest Position，Centric Occlusion95

First Stage：The Occlusion of the Deciduous Teeth After Their Complete Eruption109

Second Stage：Changes That Occur in the Occlusion Previous to the Eruption of the Permanent Incisors and First Permanent Molars，and After the Loss of the Deciduous Canines，First and Second Deciduous Molars111

Third Stage：The Occlusion of the Permanent Teeth of a Young Adult114

Fourth Stage：The Changes That Occur in the Adult Occlusion as the Result of Wear118

Force of the Surface Contact119

Muscular Activity122

Atmospheric Balance126

Overbite129

CHAPTER 4MALOCCLUSION134

Malpositions of the Teeth134

The Relation of the Dental Arches135

Neutroclusion，or Class I143

Distoclusion，or Class II145

Mesioclusion，or Class III146

Classification of Malocclusion148

Open Bite，Edge-to-Edge Bite，Overbite148

Malposition of the Mandible，and Malformation of the Jaws and Processes，Resulting in Facial Disharmony and Deformity152

Malocclusion and Facial Form158

CHAPTER 5ETIOLOGY OF MALOCCLUSION176

The Time the Causative Factors Occur177

Heredity178

Congenital Causes180

Acquired Causes185

Early Loss of Deciduous Teeth185

Tardy Eruption of the Permanent Teeth187

Early Loss of Permanent Teeth188

Improper Tooth Form Restoration191

Loss of the Mesiodistal Diameter of the Teeth192

Prolonged Retention of Deciduous Teeth192

Submerged Molars193

Alveolar Deficiency196

Disorderly Eruption of Permanent Teeth196

Transposed Teeth196

Malformed Teeth197

Nest of Miniature Teeth197

Cysts198

Deflected Canines198

Lack of Spacing199

Habits199

Accidents204

Mouth Breathing，Nasopharynx205

Muscular Activity211

General Causes of a Nonspecific Nature (Disease，Pathology，Nutrition，Physiologic)211

Measles212

Syphilis212

Rickets212

Tuberculosis213

Diabetes213

Epilepsy214

Faulty Development of the Child and Diet214

CHAPTER 6DIAGNOSIS222

The Dentist，the Physician，and the Written Record223

Impressions and Denture Reproductions225

Procedure for Taking Impressions and Making Models228

Materials for Impression228

Trimming the Mandibular Model231

Trimming the Maxillary Model232

Duplicating Orthodontic Models233

Classification233

Occlusal Relations234

Arch Predetermination236

Photography241

Color Photography246

Facial Casts247

Anthropometry247

Roentgen-Ray Examination252

Equipment for Dark Room257

Technique for Roentgen-Ray Examination257

Radiographic Profiles262

Cephalometry267

Gnathostatics and Photostatics277

CHAPTER 7MEASUREMENT OF DENTOFACIAL CHANGES IN RELATION TO THE CRANIUM＆(BY B．HOLLY BROADBENT)285

Growth and Development285

Standards of Measurement286

Roentgenographic Cephalometer289

Technique of Using Cephalometer289

Adjusting Patient＇s Head to Cephalometer292

Models With Cephalometer295

Developmental Growth Patterns297

Bolton-Nasion Plane298

Normal Growth298

Abnormal Development and Malocclusion303

CHAPTER 8EXTRACTION IN ITS RELATION TO ORTHODONTIC DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT307

Extraction of Deciduous Teeth321

Serial Extraction322

Incisor Extraction323

Cuspid or Canine Extraction324

Premolar or Bicuspid Extraction324

First Permanent Molar Extraction325

Second Molar Extraction326

Third Molar Extraction330

Unerupted or＂Impacted＂Teeth331

CHAPTER 9TISSUE CHANGES INCIDENT TO ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT334

Tipping Movement；Transformation of Bone335

Bone Changes in Orthodontic Elongation and Depression of Teeth339

Bone Changes During the Period of Retention340

Position of Fulcrum341

Results of Excessive Force342

Continuous Versus Intermittent Forces343

The Value of Experiments on Man345

Root Resorption346

Changes in the Mesiodistal Relations of the Jaws349

Influence of Orthodontic Movement of Deciduous Teeth Upon the Germs of the Permanent Teeth350

Roentgenographic Interpretation of Bone Changes in Orthodontic Tooth Movement350

CHAPTER 10THE APPROACH TO TREATMENT351

Preventive，Interceptive，or Prophylactic Orthodontics351

Early Treatment352

Observation of Cases352

The Nervous Child353

The Problem Child353

The Anxious Parents354

Deviation From Normal354

Favorable Periods for Treatment354

Immediate Treatment or Observation？355

Open-Bite356

Caries357

Pathologic Oral Conditions358

Adult Malocclusion358

Root Resorption358

Crowded Mandibular Incisors359

CHAPTER 11METHODS AND AIDS TO TREATMENT361

Types of Force362

Types of Treatment364

Types of Tooth Movement365

Nonmechanical Aids369

Occlusal Equilibration370

Mechanical Aids370

Bands374

Tubes375

Labial Arch376

Lingual Arch377

Spring Wires377

Bite Plate377

Ligatures378

Elastics380

Retention Appliances381

Attachment of the Parts381

Soldering381

Materials383

Precious Metals383

Stainless Steel386

Welding388

CHAPTER 12MYOFUNCTIONAL TREATMENT OF MALOCCLUSION＆(BY ALFRED PAUL ROGERS)389

General Considerations389

The Malnourished Child390

Treatment of Neutroclusion390

Masseter-Temporal Exercise391

Treatment of Distoclusion392

Pterygoid Exercise393

Hawley Retainer393

Treatment of Mesioclusion394

Tongue Exercise395

General Tonic Exercise395

Orbicularis Oris Exercise395

CHAPTER 13MECHANISTIC TREATMENT OF MALOCCLUSION OF THE TEETH397

Appliances397

Requirements398

Efficiency398

Durability398

Cleanliness and Ease of Manipulation399

Inconspicuousness399

Types of Appliances400

Fixed400

Fixed Removable400

Removable404

Removable Plate405

Vulcanite or Acrylic Retained407

Anchorage407

Intraoral Anchorage408

Intramaxillary Anchorage409

Intermaxillary Anchorage413

Extraoral Anchorage414

CHAPTER 14ORTHODONTIC BANDS＆(BY EARL W．SWINEHART)417

Nomenclature417

Plain Anchor Bands418

General Principles418

Band Material419

Construction of Plain Anchor Bands420

Indirect Anchor Band Techniques421

Making the Model421

Indirect Band Fitting by the Preforming Method421

Indirect Fitting by the Pinch Method422

Direct Plain Anchor Band Technique424

Method A．Force-Driven Bands424

Size and Gradation of Bands425

Making Cylinders in the Office Laboratory425

Molar Band Adaptation430

Test for Safety and Strength433

Psychologic Reaction433

Accuracy of Seating434

Conservation of Time434

Direct Pinch-Joint Anchor Band Technique435

Soldering of Pinch-Joint Anchor Bands438

Adjusting the Pinched and Soldered Band to the Tooth438

Attachment Band Technique439

Location on the Teeth439

Forming the Bands439

Attachments441

Attaching Half-Round Tubes to Anchor Bands441

Attaching Buccal Tubes to Maxillary Anchor Bands442

Attaching Buccal Tubes to Mandibular Anchor Bands443

Soldering Molar Buccal Tubes in Multiple Attachment Band Techniques444

Cementing Anchor Bands445

Removal of Plain Bands446

Anchor Clasps for Removable Appliances447

Forming the Clasps448

CHAPTER 15THE LABIAL ARCH450

Modifications of Labial Arch450

Adjustment of Simple Labial Arch452

Labial Arch With Coil and Auxiliary Springs454

High Labial Arch457

Pin and Tube459

Half-Round Pin and Tube460

Ribbon Arch and Bracket Bands461

McCoy Open Tube464

The Twin-Wire Appliance464

The Universal Appliance469

CHAPTER 16THE EDGEWISE ARCH MECHANISM＆(BY CHESTER F．WRIGHT)472

The Bracket Principle473

The Ideal Arch474

Measuring for the Maxillary Arch475

Measuring for the Mandibular Arch477

Marking and Forming the Arch477

Forming the Ideal Arch478

Modifying the Ideal Arch for Type479

Manipulation480

Mass Movement483

Second Order Bends485

Torque487

CHAPTER 17THE LINGUAL ARCH AND THE REMOVABLE LINGUAL ARCH490

The Lingual Arch490

The Removable Lingual Arch490

Materials493

Position of Lingual Tubes493

Breakage of Arch493

Technique of Making Arch494

Auxiliary Spring496

Adjusting the Arch499

Loop in Lingual Arch502

Position of Mandibular Lingual Arch503

Position of Maxillary Lingual Arch503

Labial Auxiliary Wire504

Attachment of Bite Plates and Guide Planes505

Lock for Lingual Arch505

The Coil Spring505

CHAPTER 18TREATMENT OF MALOCCLUSION513

Neutroclusion，or Class I (Angle)513

Maxillary Incisors in Linguoversion513

Protruding Maxillary Incisors514

Mesial Posterior Teeth516

Labial，Lingual Canines；Bunched or Crowded Incisors516

Rotation of Incisors518

Crowded Mandibular Incisors，Root Movement518

Expansion，Widening，or Enlargement of the Arches519

Missing Incisors524

Missing Canines526

Missing Premolars526

Missing Molars527

Underdeveloped Arches529

Unerupted Teeth531

Symmetry of the Arch532

Distoclusion，or Class II532

Bilateral Distoclusion With Labioversion of the Maxillary Incisors (Class II，Division 1)532

Unilateral Distoclusion With Labioversion of the Anterior Teeth (Class II，Division 1，Subdivision)546

Bilateral Distoclusion With Retruding Anterior Teeth (Class II，Division 2)546

Unilateral Distoclusion With Retruding Teeth (Class II，Division 2，Subdivision)546

Unilateral Distoclusion With Retruding Teeth (Class II，Division 2，Subdivision)549

Mesioclusion of the Maxillary Teeth549

Bilateral Mesioclusion，or Class III554

Bilateral Mesioclusion of the Mandibular Arch554

Unilateral Mesioclusion of the Mandibular Arch (Class III，Subdivision)558

CHAPTER 19TREATMENT OF MALOCCLUSION (Continued)561

Correcting the Lingual Position of a Maxillary Central Incisor561

Correcting the Lingual Position of a Maxillary Lateral Incisor561

Correcting the Lingual Position of a Maxillary Canine563

Closure of Excessive Spacing Between Maxillary Central and Lateral Incisors563

Closure of Spaces for Missing Lateral Incisors565

Labial or Lingual Movement of the Anterior Teeth (Removable Plates)568

Treatment of Malocclusion Caused by a Supernumerary Tooth571

Unerupted Teeth572

Surgical Removal of Frenum575

Habits578

Root Movement586

Maintenance of Space for Unerupted Teeth and Maintenance of Space Created by the Loss of Permanent Teeth，Maintenance of Function and the Restoration of Function587

Buccal or Lingual Movement of First Molars and Other Posterior Teeth594

Closure of Spaces Created by Missing Posterior Teeth596

Rotation of Teeth598

Intermaxillary Elastics601

Edge-to-Edge Bite604

Prosthetics and Ceramics in Orthodontics604

Injured Teeth606

Fractures of the Maxilla and the Mandible608

CHAPTER 20RETENTION612

Natural Aids613

Cusp Guidance，Size，Form，and Number of Teeth613

Harmony in Size and Relation of the Arches614

Muscular Pressure616

Approximal Contact617

Quantity and Quality of the Alveolar Process619

Condylar Relation620

Cellular Activity621

Atmospheric Pressure622

Equilibration of Occlusion and Spot Grinding622

Mechanical Aids622

Fixed Retention624

Removable Retention625

CHAPTER 21PLASTIC SURGERY OF THE JAWS＆(BY EDWARD A．KITLOWSKI)638

Preparation for Operation638

Deformities of the Bones of the Jaws639

Deformities of the Maxilla639

Posterior Displacement of the Premaxilla639

Lack of Development of the Maxilla639

Maxillary Prognathism640

Deformitics of the Mandible640

Retraction or Posterior Displacement640

Cartilage Transplant644

Lack of Development645

Open-Bite645

Protrusion of the Mandible645

Atypical Deformities650

Malunion of Fractures651

Flat Angle651

Delayed Union651

Nonunion652

Loss of Bone Substance；Unilateral Shortening of the Mandible652

Bone Grafting for Unilateral Shortening of the Mandible655

Deformities of the Soft Parts657

Deformities of Bone and Soft Parts658

Deformities Due to Injuries658

Clefts of the Lip and Palate659

Closure of the Lip660

Closure of the Palate660

Secondary Defects After Operations for Clefts of the Lip and Palate662

CHAPTER 22PRACTICE MANAGEMENT664