《Railroads Rates-Service-Management》

PART ⅠTHE SCOPE AND MACHINERY OF REGULATION1

CHAPTER Ⅰ THE SUBJECT MATTER OF REGULATION：RATES，SERVICE，MANAGEMENT3

Section 1．Regulation and agricultural depression3

Sec．2．State commissions5

Sec．3．Rates and charges7

Sec．4．Service and management9

Sec．5．Management and profits12

Sec．6．State and interstate regulations13

CHAPTER ⅡTHE AGENCIES OF REGULATION14

Section 1．Commission regulation14

Sec．2．State commissions and the Interstate Commerce Commission15

Sec．3．The Shreveport Case16

Sec．4．The organization of the Interstate Commerce Commission18

Sec．5．Personnel of the Commission19

Sec．6．Divisional organization21

Sec．7．Bureau organization24

CHAPTER ⅢPRACTICE BEFORE COMMISSIONS28

Section 1．The administrative body28

Sec．2．Informality of procedure29

Sec．3．Classes of controversies，formal and informal complaints31

Sec．4．Rules of procedure33

Sec．5．Machinery of procedure35

Sec．6．General investigations and ex parte hearings37

CHAPTER ⅣTHE COMMISSIONS AND THE COURTS41

Section 1．The function of the court in regulation41

Sec．2．Defined powers of commissions42

Sec．3．The Abilene Case44

Sec．4．Constitutionality of state laws45

Sec．5．The confiscation doctrine46

Sec．6．State and Federal powers47

Sec．7．The review of orders51

Sec．8．The enforcement of orders52

Sec．9．Reparation under the Interstate Commerce Act52

PART ⅡRATES57

CHAPTER ⅤTHE RATE MAKING POWER59

Section 1．Competitive rate making59

Sec．2．The Commission＇s rate making power59

Sec．3．Agency issues60

Sec．4．Tariff publication61

Sec．5．Maximum，absolute，minimum rates62

Sec．6．The suspension power64

Sec．7．The rule of rate making67

CHAPTER ⅥTHE PUBLISHED RATE70

Section 1．The publication principle70

Sec．2．Publication rules71

Sec．3．The pass problem73

Sec．4．False billing75

Sec．5．＂Beating the rate，＂76

Sec．6．Legal allowances78

Sec．7．Industrial railroads and tap lines80

CHAPTER ⅦTHE ECONOMICS OF RATE MAKING84

Section 1．The dual problem of reasonableness84

Sec．2．Economic peculiarities of railroads：Large specialized plant85

Sec．3．Joint costs86

Sec．4．Constant and variable costs88

Sec．5．What the traffic will bear90

Sec．6．Diversion93

Sec．7．Destruction93

Sec．8．The zone of reasonableness96

Sec．9．Classification and class rates，commodity rates100

CHAPTER ⅧGENERAL RATE LEVELS103

Section 1．The general rate level103

Sec．2．Advanced rate cases，1903 and 1910104

Sec．3．The Five Per Cent Case108

Sec．4．The war-time advance110

Sec．5．The Transportation Act117

Sec．6．Increased rates，1920112

Sec．7．Decreased rates and what the traffic will bear113

Sec．8．Reduced Rates，1922116

CHAPTER ⅨTHE EQUALIZATION PRINCIPLE118

Section 1．Local discrimination and business competition118

Sec．2．Competition between common terminals122

Sec．3．Cross country competition123

Sec．4．In-and-out rate adjustments126

Sec．5．The Shreveport Case，once more128

Sec．6．Common point adjustments128

Sec．7．Proportional rates as a means of equalization，＂Gateway competition，＂130

Sec．8．Port differentials133

Sec．9．Transit privileges135

CHAPTER ⅩTHE DISTANCE PRINCIPLE139

Section 1．Distance as a measure of service139

Sec．2．Passenger rates139

Sec．3．Terminal and haulage costs141

Sec．4．The tapering principle142

Sec．5．Logical rate scales146

Sec．6．Distance tables149

Sec．7．Market competition and distance rates150

Sec．8．The rate making of desperation155

CHAPTER ⅪTHE LONG AND SHORT HAUL PRINCIPLE157

Section 1．The long and short haul clause157

Sec．2．Departure from the rule158

Sec．3．Control of the long haul rate158

Sec．4．Circuitous routes160

Sec．5．The fifteen per cent rule162

Sec．6．Group rates164

Sec．7．Short lines164

Sec．8．Potential water competition165

Sec．9．Character of the commodity168

Sec．10．Controlling market competition169

Sec．11．The extent of relief172

Sec．12．Relative reasonableness and the rate adjustment174

CHAPTER Ⅻ GROUP RATE PRINCIPLES177

Section 1．The group rate device177

Sec．2．The＂distance-group rate principle＂178

Sec．3．Distance and differentials182

Sec．4．Lake cargo coal differentials187

Sec．5．The long and short haul principle and group rates189

Sec．6．The southern rate structure196

See．7．Maximum rates200

Sec．8．The transcontinental adjustment201

PART ⅢSERVICE205

CHAPTER ⅩⅢTHE SERVICE OBLIGATION207

Section 1．Rates and service：Service principles207

Sec．2．The failure of service competition209

Sec．3．The achievement of private initiative211

Sec．4．Special service and economy214

Sec．5．Delay in regulating service217

Sec．6．The scope of service regulation219

Sec．7．Safety and adequacy of service220

Sec．8．Continuity of service221

CHAPTER ⅩⅣREGULATION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH223

Section 1．The police powers of the states223

Sec．2．Conflicting state requirements225

Sec．3．Federal Safety Appliance Act227

Sec．4．Hours of Service Law229

Sec．5．Twenty-eight Hour Live Stock Law229

Sec．6．The Boiler Inspection Act231

Sec．7．The Accidents Reports Act232

Sec．8．Federal Employers＇Liability Act233

Sec．9．Automatic train control234

CHAPTER ⅩⅤTRAINS AND TRAIN MOVEMENT237

Section 1．The technical nature of operation237

Sec．2．The Transportation Act，1920，and train service238

Sec．3．Discrimination in train service239

Sec．4．State regulations238

Sec．5．Train stop statutes241

Sec．6．Speed regulations242

Sec．7．Abandonment of train service243

CHAPTER ⅩⅥCAR SUPPLY AND CAR DISTRIBUTION245

Section 1．Car shortage245

Sec．2．The per diem agreement249

Sec．3．Specialized equipment250

Sec．4．Car distribution252

Sec．5．Assigned car rule254

Sec．6．Duties of shippers257

Car peddling259

CHAPTER ⅩⅦTHROUGH ROUTES AND ROUTING OF FREIGHT260

Section 1．The shipper＇s control over routing260

Sec．2．Through routes and joint rates261

Sec．3．Market competition262

Sec．4．The division of through rates265

Sec．5．The binding character of routing instructions268

Sec．6．Unrouted traffic270

CHAPTER ⅩⅧTERMINALS AND TERMINAL FACILITIES272

Section 1．Importance of terminals272

Sec．2．The opening of terminals to competitors275

Sec．3．Closed and open terminals276

Sec．4．Emergency control over terminals279

Sec．5．Extension of terminals280

CHAPTER ⅩⅨSPECIAL PRIVILEGES AND FACILITIES282

Section 1．The publication of privileges and facilities282

Sec．2．Elevation of grain284

Sec．3．Loading and unloading of freight286

Sec．4．Transit privileges289

Sec．5．Reconsignment290

Sec．6．Service and rates，once more292

CHAPTER ⅩⅩNEW CONSTRUCTION AND ABANDONMENTS293

Section 1．The decline of competitive building293

Sec．2．The power to require extensions294

Sec．3．The abandonment of railroad property299

PART Ⅳ MANAGEMENT305

CHAPTER ⅩⅪTHE FUNCTION OF RAILROAD MANAGEMENT307

Section 1．The obligation to earn307

Sec．2．The director system of management308

Sec．3．Railroad credit310

Sec．4．Permanent improvements and traffic congestion313

Sec．5．Unproductive improvements314

Sec．6．Financing equipment needs315

Sec．7．State regulation317

Sec．8．The dual problem of railroad management318

CHAPTER ⅩⅫTHE REHABILITATION OF RAILROAD CREDIT310

Section 1．The transition to private control320

Sec．2．The rule of rate making，once more322

Sec．3．The recapture of excess earnings325

Sec．4．The revolving．fund327

Sec．5．The carriers＇share329

Sec．6．The unearned increment331

Sec．7．The rule of rate making and valuation333

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢRAILROAD VALUATION335

Section 1．The Valuation Act of 1913335

Sec．2．Smyth v．Ames337

Sec．3．The Bureau of Valuation338

Sec．4．Cost of reproduction341

Sec．5．Railroad land343

Sec．6．＂Other values，or elements of value＂346

Sec．7．The weakness of the Commission＇s valuations347

Sec．8．The future of the valuation350

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣTHE PROTECTION OF INVESTORS353

Section 1．The protection of railroad income353

Sec．2．The building of new lines354

Sec．3．The Wisconsin Rate Case353

Sec．4．The division of joint rates358

Sec．5．The weakness of the director system362

Sec．6．Banker management364

Sec．7．The regulation of securities366

Sec．8．Leases369

Sec．9．Civil and criminal liability370

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤTHE ADJUSTMENT OF LABOR DISPUTES372

Section 1．The railroad wage bill372

Sec．2．Federal control and labor373

Sec．3．The national agreements374

Sec．4．The Railroad Labor Board376

Sec．5．The 1920 wage advance381

Sec．6．Abrogation of the national agreements383

Sec．7．The Pennsylvania election dispute387

Sec．8．Contracting of maintenance388

Sec．9．Wage reductions，1922390

Sec．10．Cooperation，Labor Board and Interstate Commerce Commission396

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥTHE INTEGRITY OF THE ACCOUNTS398

Section 1．The need for sound accounting398

Sec．2．Dual responsibility of railroad accounting officers401

Sec．3．Recapture of excess earnings402

Sec．4．Maintenance and depreciation403

Sec．5．Obsolescence405

Sec．6．Balance sheet items406

Sec．7．Valuation and consolidation408

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦRAILROAD CONSOLIDATION410

Section 1．Consolidation as a policy410

Sec．2．Competition as a governing rule411

Sec．3．Existing channels of trade and commerce413

Sec．4．Weak and strong roads144

Sec．5．The Ripley report and the Commission＇s scheme415

Sec．6．Official classification territory，trunk lines417

Sec．7．The South424

Sec．8．The Southwest417

Sec．9．Transcontinental competitors426

Sec．10．The organization problem432

Sec．11．The problem of the future：voluntary or compulsory consolidation433

APPENDIX ⅠDEVELOPMENT OF FEDERAL REGULATION437

APPENDIX Ⅱ SUGGESTED READINGS441

APPENDIX Ⅲ TABLE OF CASES449

INDEX481