《The Principles and Practice of Clinical Instruction in Nursing Second Edition》

UNIT ⅠCONSIDERATION OF BACKGROUNDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OP CLINICAL INSTRUCTION16

CHAPTER ⅠGENERAL INTRODUCTION17

Historical Development of Nursing Education17

Recent Changes in Nursing Education17

Place of Clinical Instruction in the Nursing-School22

CHAPTER ⅡTHE SCHOOL OF NURSING IN THE MODERN COMMUNITY24

Introduction24

The Modern Hospital24

The Supervisor and Head Nurse25

The School of Nursing26

Evolution of the Curriculum27

Some Important Trends in Nursing Education29

Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅰ30

Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅰ30

UNIT ⅡTHE PROBLEM OF ADMINISTRATION36

CHAPTER ⅢGENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION36

Introduction36

Fundamental Principles of Administration36

Personal Characteristics of the Good Administrator40

CHAPTER ⅣTHE HEAD NURSE＇S FUNCTIONS AS AN ADMINISTRATOR41

Introduction41

The Head Nurse as an Administrator42

Classification of the Head Nurse＇s Functions43

Conclusion46

CHAPTER ⅤTHE WARD PERSONNEL48

Introduction48

The Functions and Preparation of Graduate Nurses on Staff Duty50

The Subsidiary Worker on the Ward52

Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅱ55

Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅱ55

UNIT ⅢTHE PROBLEM OK SUPERVISION63

CHAPTER ⅥINTRODUCTION64

Modern Supervision Described64

Historical Backgrounds for Supervision in Nursing65

The Evolution of Supervision in Nursing66

CHAPTER ⅦTHE FUNCTIONS OF THE SUPERVISOR70

Introduction70

Administrative Functions70

Teaching Functions73

The Supervisory Functions77

Some Common Misconceptions of Supervision79

The Leader and Her Assistant81

Supervisory Technics81

Supervising the Superior Individual85

The Research Functions86

Training as a Function of Supervision87

CHAPTER ⅧPLANNING AND EVALUATING SUPERVISION89

Introduction89

Reasons for Planning89

Evaluating Supervision92

Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅲ94

Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅲ94

UNIT ⅣTHE PROBLEM OF TEACHING103

CHAPTER ⅨBASIC PRINCIPLES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING103

Introduction103

The Principles of Good Teaching104

The Learning Process106

Class Organization and Management107

The Student Nurse114

CHAPTER ⅩIMPROVING TEACHING BY SELECTING AND EVALUATING THE CONTENT116

Introduction116

Course Programs16

Lesson Plans118

The Content of the Nursing Course119

Social and Public Health Content121

The Clinical Instructor as an Integrator122

Outline for One Unit123

CHAPTER ⅪIMPROVING TEACHING BY EVALUATING MATERIALS OF INSTRUCTION127

Introduction127

Text and Reference Books127

The Evaluation of Books130

The Use of the Library131

Departmental Libraries131

How to Make a Bibliography132

Printed Matter132

Card File134

The Ward Bulletin Board134

Equipment for Teaching135

Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅳ137

Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅳ138

UNIT ⅤTHE PROBLEM OK METHOD IN TEACHING147

CHAPTER ⅫGENERAL INTRODUCTION TO METHOD147

Introduction147

The Lecture Method148

CHAPTER ⅩⅢTHE RECITATION150

The Recitation Method150

The Socialized Recitation151

Questioning151

CHAPTER ⅩⅥTHE DEMONSTRATION155

Introduction155

The Demonstration Described155

The Technic of the Demonstration156

CHAPTER ⅩⅤTHE LABORATORY，SEMINAR，AND PANEL METHODS158

The Laboratory Method158

The Seminar Method158

The Symposium Method159

The Panel Discussion160

CHAPTER ⅩⅥTUB CONFERENCE METHOD161

Introduction161

Physical Equipment162

Conference Planning163

Orientation of New Students164

Morning and Evening Reports165

Individual Conferences169

CHAPTER ⅩⅦTHE NURSING CLINIC AND WARD ROUNDS172

The Nursing Clinic172

Nursing Rounds173

CHAPTER ⅩⅧTHE NURSING CAKE STUDY175

Introduction175

Supervision177

Outlines178

Evaluating Nursing Care Studies188

Grading Scale for Nursing Care Study189

CHAPTER ⅩⅨTHE ASSIGNMENT193

The Assignment as a Method of Teaching193

Assignment of Clinical Experience194

Functional and Case Methods Compared196

CHAPTER ⅩⅩOTHER METHODS USED IN TEACHING200

Field Trips200

Miscellaneous Methods of Teaching201

Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅴ202

Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅴ202

UNIT ⅥTHE PROBLEM OF PLANNING A UNIFIED PROGRAM OF CLINICAL INSTRUCTION209

CHAPTER ⅩⅪFIRST STEPS IN PLANNING THE PROGRAM209

Introduction209

Aims210

The Correlation of Theory and Practice212

Arrangement of Classes215

CHAPTER ⅩⅫTHE POTATION OF STUDENT NURSES216

Introduction210

Basic Principles216

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢREQUISITES FOR A PROGRAM OF CLINICAL INSTRUCTION221

Introduction221

Planned Time221

Basic Essentials223

Records of Ward Teaching223

The Head Nurse and Departmental Instruction224

Conclusion225

Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅵ226

Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅵ227

UNIT ⅦTHE PROBLEM OF EVALUATING THE RESULTS OF TEACHING232

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣTHE PROBLEM OF MEASUREMENT IN SCHOOLS OF NURSING232

Introduction232

The Purpose of Measurements233

Guidance235

What to Measure or Evaluate235

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤTYPES OF EVALUATION PROCEDURES AND HOW TO USE THEM237

Introduction237

Preparing the Examination238

The Oral Quiz and Report240

The Written Examination240

Essay Type240

Objective or＂New Type，＂242

Scoring the Test250

The Nursing Care Study，Term Papers，Special Reports251

The Practical Examination252

Pretests and Comprehensive Examinations252

Examinations in the Clinical Subjects252

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥTYPES OF EVALUATION PROCEDURES(CONT＇D)254

The Rating Scale or Achievement Record254

Technic of Using Rating Scales and Evaluation Records256

How to Reduce Error in Education Measurements265

Criteria of a Good Method of Evaluation266

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦEVALUATING DEPARTMENTAL INSTRUCTION268

Introduction268

Purpose and Methods of Evaluating268

Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅶ271

Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅶ272

UNIT ⅧTHE FACULTY278

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅧIMPROVING TEACHING THROUGH BETTER QUALIFIED TEACHERS278

Introduction278

General Qualifications of Nursing Teachers280

The Clinical Instructor281

The Qualifications of the Head Nurse287

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅨTHE QUALIFICATIONS AND PERSONALITY OF SUPERVISORS290

Introduction290

Professional Qualifications291

Personal Characteristics291

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩHOW TO BECOME BETTER QUALIFIED293

Introduction293

The Need for Better Prepared Nurses293

Academic Degrees in the Qualifications of the Nurse295

An Efficiency Test296

Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅷ299

Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅷ300

UNIT ⅨTHE PROBLEM OF CARRYING OUT TEACHING AND SUPERVISION IN CLINICAL DEPARTMENTS307

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅪTHE TEACHING AND SUPERVISION OF PHARMACOLOGY．＆Irene L．Beland，R．N．，M．S．，Saint Mary＇s Hospital，Rochester，Minn308

Introduction308

Aims308

Length and Description of Course313

Orientation of Student315

Assignment of Experience to Students321

Methods of Teaching Students321

Methods of Teaching Patients331

Bibliography334

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅫCLINICAL INTRODUCTION IN MEDICAL NURSING＆Sarah E．Davis，R．N．，B．Sc，School of Nursing，St．Louis City Hospital，St．Louis，Mo336

Introduction336

The General Plan336

The Aims of the Plan337

The Objectives of the Plan338

Methods of Clinical Instruction Used338

Amount of Clinical Instruction339

Assignment of Student Experience340

Methods of Evaluating the Progress of the Student341

Content of Medical Nursing Course342

Classroom Instruction342

Departmental Instruction344

The Orientation Unit344

Bibliography366

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅢTHE TEACHING AND SUPERVISION OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING．Almira Hoppe Hemstead，E．N．，B．Sc，Westchester School of Nursing and Grasslands Hospital，Valhalla，N．Y368

In the First Clinical Year368

General Principles368

The Aims of Teaching and Supervision of Medical and Surgical Nursing368

The Theory and Practice of Medical and Surgical Nursing374

Outline of Course in Science of Medicine and Surgery377

The Students＇Experience in Medical and Surgical Nursing on the Wards399

Testing Students＇Learning404

Reference Reading406

Student Experience in the Operating Room407

In the Senior Year411

Bibliography413

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅣCLINICAL INSTRUCTION IN PEDIATRIC NURSING．＆Marjorie Moore，R．N．，St．Louis Children＇s Hospital，St Louis，Mo414

Aims414

The Integration of Theoretical and Clinical Programs415

Assignment of Clinical Experience416

Methods of Clinical Instruction416

Ward Conference417

Clinics and Symposiums418

The Nursing Care Study421

Methods of Recording Student Experience in Pediatric Nursing425

Progress Record442

Bibliography442

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅤCLINICAL INSTRUCTION IN OBSTETRICAL NURSING．＆Ruth E．Lindberg，R．N．，B．S．，Pennsylvania Hospital and University of Pennsylvania，Philadelphia，Pa445

Introduction445

Orientation447

Plan for Student Experience in Obstetrical Nursing448

Prenatal and Postnatal Clinics452

Delivery Rooms453

Care of the Mothers454

Care of Infants456

Formula Room456

Evaluation and Rating of Students＇Experience457

Nursing Care Studies457

Record Keeping458

Student Assignments459

Departmental Libraries459

Staff Education460

Plan for Group Conferences460

Evaluation and Rating of Student Cadet Experience465

Evaluation and Rating of Students in the Advanced Course of Maternity Nursing477

Bibliography504

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅥCLINICAL INSTRUCTION IN PSYCHIATRIC NURSING．＆Ione O．Slough，R．N．，B．S．，John Sealy College of Nursing，Galveston，Texas511

Introduction511

Preparation of a Supervisor512

Personality of the Supervisor512

Types of Hospitals513

Bibliography532

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅦCLINICAL TEACHING PROGRAM FOR OUT-PATIENT AND HOME OR COMMUNITY NURSING．＆Henrietta Adams Loughran，R．N．，M．S．，School of Nursing，Boulder and Denver Divisions，University of Colorado542

Introduction542

Preparing the Student for Out-Patient and Home or Community Nursing Practice543

The Instructing Supervisor＇s Direct Responsibilities for Students Assigned on Her Service546

Summary of Out-Patient Department Clinical Experience and Teaching Programs549

Examples of Programs for the Student＇s Home and Community Nursing Experience and Instruction550

Information for Students in Visiting Nursing561

Summary567

APPENDIX Sources for Teaching Aids568