《Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency》

PART ONE．THE PROBLEM1

Ⅰ．General Orientation3

Inadequacy of Knowledge of Crime Causation3

Inadequacy of Theories of Crime Causation4

Need for Eclectic Approach to Study of Crime Causation7

PART TWO．THE TECHNIQUE11

Ⅱ．Design of the Research13

Definition of Delinquency13

Control of the Inquiry14

Levels of the Inquiry15

Ⅲ．Establishing the Project19

Finding a Suitable Locale19

Permission to Examine Delinquents20

Permission to Examine Non-Delinquents21

Overcoming Difficulties22

Staff of the Research24

Ⅳ．Selecting and Matching Delinquents and Non-Delinquents27

Selecting Delinquents27

Selecting Non-Delinquents28

Obtaining Parental Permission to Examine Non-Delinquents29

Selecting Neighborhoods30

Selecting Public Schools32

Verifying Age32

Determining Ethnic Origin32

Determining Intelligence Quotient33

Matching Delinquents and Non-Delinquents by Pairs33

Evidences of Success of Matching35

Ⅴ．Exploring Family and Personal Background41

Delimiting the Social Inquiry41

Assuring Uniformity in Social Histories42

Identification Data and Vital Statistics43

Consulting Social Service Indices44

Clearing through Massachusetts Board of Probation45

Interviewing in Homes45

Securing Data from Social Agency Records49

Securing Data from Peno-correctional Agencies50

Clearing through Massachusetts Department of Mental Health50

Gathering School Histories50

Closing the Cases52

Ⅵ．Testing and Examining Delinquents and Non-Delinquents54

Physique Study54

Medical Examination55

Intelligence and Achievement Tests56

Rorschach Test57

Psychiatric Interview60

Arrangements for Examining Delinquents62

Arrangements for Examining Non-Delinquents63

Maintaining the Cooperation of the Boys64

Completing Tests and Examinations64

Ⅶ．Preparing Data for Statistical Treatment67

Testing Definitions，Subcategories，and Schedules67

Safeguards in Gathering and Recording Data69

Checking the Findings70

Editing the Schedules72

Preparing Data for Tabulation73

PART THREE．THE FINDINGS77

Ⅷ．Home Conditions of Delinquents and Non-Delinquents When Selected for the Research79

Neighborhood79

Physical Aspects of Home80

Economic Circumstances of Family84

Household88

Summary91

Ⅸ．Setting of Family Life93

Milieu of Parents93

Adequacy of Parents for Responsibilities99

Parents＇ Dependence on Social Welfare102

Economic Circumstances of Parents104

Employment History of Father106

Summary107

Ⅹ．Quality of Family Life108

Orderliness of Household108

Cultural Refinement of Home108

Family Pride109

Conduct Standards of Home110

Conjugal Relations of Parents111

Dominant Parent112

Supervision by Mother112

Recreational Outlets of Family113

Cohesiveness of Family115

Summary115

Ⅺ．The Boy in the Family117

Vital Statistics117

Household Instability120

Affectional Relationship between Boy and Parents125

Affection of Brothers and Sisters for Boy127

Concern of Parents for Welfare of Boy128

Discipline of Boy by Parents130

Summary133

Ⅻ．The Boy in School135

School Status135

Retardation138

Subject Preferences138

Scholarship and Achievement140

Variability in Achievement143

Attitude toward School143

Relation to Schoolmates145

Earliest Maladaptive Behavior in School146

Truancy148

Behavior during Last School Year149

Characteristics of Attack and Withdrawal151

Summary153

ⅩⅢ．The Boy in the Community155

Neighborhood Ties155

After-School Employment158

Household Duties159

Use of Leisure Time160

Adventurous Activities162

Companions163

Supervised Recreations164

Church Attendance167

Summary167

ⅩⅣ．Physical Condition169

Developmental Health History170

Height and Weight172

Dynamometric Strength172

Bony Skeleton and Palate172

Teeth173

Nose and Throat173

Eyes and Ears175

Heart and Lungs176

Abdomen and Genitalia176

Skin177

Glands177

Nervous System178

Acquired Motor Handicaps180

General Health180

Summary181

ⅩⅤ．Bodily Constitution183

Gross Bodily Measurements184

Anthropometric Indices187

Bodily Disproportions191

Masculine Component192

Somatotypes192

Summary196

ⅩⅥ．Verbal and Performance Intelligence198

Verbal Intelligence199

Performance Intelligence202

Comparison of Verbal and Performance Intelligence204

Variability in Components of Verbal and Performance Intelligence205

Summary206

ⅩⅦ．Qualitative and Dynamic Aspects of Intelligence209

Originality210

Creativity210

Banality210

Power of Observation210

Unrealistic Thinking212

Common Sense212

Intuition212

Phantasy213

Over-Verbalizing Intelligence213

Methodical Approach to Problems213

Potential Capacity for Objective Interests214

Summary214

ⅩⅧ．Character and Personality Structure215

Nature of Rorschach Test215

Attitudes toward Authority and Society218

Feelings of Insecurity，Anxiety，Inferiority， and Frustration221

Kindliness and Hostility226

Dependence and Independence231

Goals of Strivings234

Some General Qualities of Personality236

Mental Pathology239

Summary240

ⅩⅨ．Dynamics of Temperament244

Deep-Rooted Emotional Dynamics245

Appetitive-Aesthetic Tendencies246

Personality Orientation246

Emotional Conflicts and Their Sources247

Method of Resolving Conflicts250

Summary251

PART FOUR．THE SIGNIFICANCE255

ⅩⅩ．Prediction of Delinquency257

Selection of Feasible Predictive Devices258

Method of Constructing a Prediction Table259

Prediction Table Constructed from Factors of Social Background260

Prediction Table Constructed from Character Traits Determined in Rorschach Test262

Prediction Table Constructed from Personality Traits Determined in Psychiatric Interview264

Comparison of Prediction Tables from Social， Rorschach，and Psychiatric Data265

Further Exploration267

ⅩⅪ．Dynamic Pattern of Delinquency272

Non-Causal Factors272

Factors with Probable Causal Significance273

Behavior Reflecting Significant Traits276

The Causal Complex281

ⅩⅫ．Looking Forward284

APPENDICES A - E291

Appendix A．Criminal Record of Delinquents293

Appendix B．List of Matched Pairs of Delinquents and Non-Delinquents297

Appendix C．A Comparative Study of the Morphological Characteristics of Delinquents and Non-Delinquents＆by Carl C．Seltzer，Ph．D307

Appendix D．Some Detailed Findings of the Wechsler-Bellevue and Stanford Achievement Tests351

Appendix E．Some Notes on the Use of the Rorschach Test＆by Ernest G．Schachtel363