《A Text-Book of Vertebrate Embryology》

CHAPTER Ⅰ．HISTORICAL SKETCH17

PART Ⅰ．EARLY DEVELOPMENT21

CHAPTER Ⅱ．THE CELL IN DEVELOPMENT21

A．Mitosis21

The Achromatic Figure21

Phases of Mitosis22

Prophase22

The Metaphase24

The Telophase25

B．Gametogenesis26

Gametogenes Defined26

Phases of Gametogenesis26

Meiosis28

C．Fertilization31

Definition31

The Spermatozoon31

Contact of Sperm and Egg32

Fusion of Gametes32

CHAPTER Ⅲ．CLEAVAGE35

Cleavage Defined35

Types of Ova35

Types of Cleavage35

Cleavage Planes39

Cleavage Patterns40

Radial Cleavage40

Spiral Cleavage40

Bilateral Cleavage41

Irregular Cleavage41

The Blastula41

CHAPTER Ⅳ．GASTRULATION AND NOTOGENESIS43

Definition43

A．Amphioxus43

Gastrulation43

The Germ Layers45

The Axial Organs and the Mesoderm45

The Mesodermal Somites48

B．The Frog50

The Blastula50

Gastrulation50

Notogenesis56

(a) Germ Layers56

Axial Organs58

C．The Chick61

Early Development61

Gastrulation63

The Germ Layers68

Axial Organs69

D．The Mammal71

Early Development71

Germ Layers73

Gastrulation73

Axial Organs74

CHAPTER Ⅴ．EMBRYONAL MEMBRANES75

Introductory75

A．The Chick76

Later History of the Mesoderm76

The Amniocardiac Vesicles77

Later History of the Blastoderm78

The Amnion78

The Chorion81

The Yolk-sac84

The Allantois84

The Albumen-sac88

B．The Mammal89

The Mammalian Embryo89

The Mammalian Amnion90

The Chorion91

The Yolk-sac92

The Allantois93

The Placenta94

PART Ⅱ．ORGANOGENY101

CHAPTER Ⅵ．THE ALIMENTARY TRACT AND ITS DERIVATIVES101

A．Amphioxus101

Digestive Tract101

B．The Frog103

The Archenteron103

The Stomodeum105

The Fore-gut and its Derivatives107

The Mid-gut and its Derivatives114

The Hind-gut and its Derivatives115

C．The Chick116

The Stomodeum116

The Fore-gut and its Derviatives118

The Mid-gut126

The Hind-gut126

D．The Mammal129

The Stomodeum129

The Fore-gut and its Derivatives131

The Mid-gut135

The Hind-gut136

CHAPTER Ⅶ．THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM137

Introductory137

A．Amphioxus143

The Brain143

The Nerve or＂Spinal Cord＂144

B．The Frog145

The Brain145

The Prosencephalon148

The Mid-brain or Mesencephalon149

The Rhombencephalon150

The Spinal Cord150

C．The Chick152

The Brain154

The Prosencephalon154

The Mesencephalon157

The Rhombencephalon158

The Spinal Cord159

D．The Mammal162

The Brain162

The Prosencephalon163

The Mesencephalon164

The Rhombencephalon164

The Spinal Cord165

CHAPTER Ⅷ．THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM166

Introductory166

The Cranial Nerves166

A．The Frog170

The Cranial Nerves170

The Spinal Nerves173

The Sympathetic System174

The Sense Organs174

The Olfactory Organ174

The Eye176

The Ear178

The Lateral Line Sense Organs180

B．The Chick181

The Cranial Nerves181

The Spinal Nerves182

The Sympathetic System183

The Sense Organs184

The Olfactory Organ184

The Eye187

The Ear188

C．The Mammal192

The Cranial Nerves192

The Spinal Nerves193

The Sympathetic System193

The Sense Organs193

The Olfactory Organ193

The Eye194

The Ear194

CHAPTER Ⅸ．THE VASCULAR SYSTEM196

A．The Frog196

Ⅰ．The Hemal System196

Origin196

The Heart and the Pericardium197

The Arteries199

The Veins202

Ⅱ．The Lymphatic System of the Frog205

Origin208

B．The Chick208

Ⅰ．The Hemal System208

Origin208

The Heart and the Pericardium209

The Arteries212

The Veins215

C．The Mammal220

Ⅰ．The Hemal System220

Ⅱ．The Lymphatic System221

CHAPTER Ⅹ．THE URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM223

Introductory223

General Structure223

A．Excretory System225

Ⅰ．The Frog225

The Pronephros225

The Mesonephros227

Ⅱ．The Chick229

The Pronephros229

The Mesonephros230

The Metanephros231

Ⅲ．The Mammal233

The Pronephros233

The Mesonephros233

The Metanephros233

B．The Reproductive System235

Ⅰ．The Frog235

The Germ Glands235

The Gonoducts236

Ⅱ．The Chick238

The Germ Glands238

The Gonoducts240

Ⅲ．The Mammal241

C．The Adrenal Bodies243

Ⅰ．The Frog243

Ⅱ．The Chick243

Ⅲ．The Mammal244

CHAPTER Ⅺ．THE ENDOSKELETON245

Introductory245

A．The Frog245

Axial Skeleton245

Ⅰ．Vertebral Column245

Ⅱ．The Skull246

The Visceral Skeleton248

The Appendicular Skeleton250

B．The Chick250

The Axial Skeleton250

Ⅰ．The Vertebral Column and Ribs250

Ⅱ．The Skull251

The Visceral Skeleton251

The Appendicular Skeleton253

C．The Mammal253

CHAPTER Ⅻ．SUMMARY254

Gastrulation and Notogenesis256

Embryonal Membranes260

The Alimentary Tract and its Derivatives262

The Central Nervous System267

The Peripheral Nervous System272

The Vascular System276

The Urino-genital System278

The Skeleton280