《The Grammatical Structures Of English And German A Contrastive Sketch》求取 ⇩

1GERMAN SENTENCE TYPES1

1．0 Introductory1

1．1 Minor sentence types3

1．2 Major sentence types5

1．3 Terminology7

2GERMAN CLAUSES8

2．1 Definition8

2．2 Major clause types8

2．3 Usual finite verb form8

2．4Arrangements within the clause9

2．41 What is a clause element？9

2．42 FV-2 clauses12

2．5Occurrence of subjunctives13

2．51 Special subjunctive：SS-1-2 clauses13

2．6 Imperative clauses14

2．7 Order questions：FV-1 clauses15

2．8Dependent clauses：FV-L17

2．81 Clause introducer：question word17

2．82Clause introducer：subordinating conjunction (SUB)18

2．821 Clause introducer：relative pronoun (REL)19

2．822 Clause introducer：ob＂whether＂19

2．823 Dependent clause without clause introducer20

2．9 Negation21

3PHRASE STRUCTURE22

3．0 Introductory22

3．1Subordinate structure：center ？ modifier22

3．10(a) Attributive modifiers22

3．11 The＂primary＂and the＂modal＂auxiliaries27

3．12Primary auxiliaries28

3．121Modification I29

3．1211 Sequence of tenses29

3．1212 Limitation to chronological past29

3．1213 Uncertainty，unreality，improbability30

3．122Modification II：have + participle31

3．1221Co-occurrence of Modification I and II33

3．1222 Modification III：be + -ing33

3．123Modification IV：be + participle34

3．1231 werden + participle34

3．1232 Passive clauses with dative object35

3．1233 Other passive auxiliaries36

3．13Modal auxiliaries36

3．131 Distribution of modals37

3．14Grammatical characteristics of auxiliaries39

3．141Negation39

3．1411 Interrogation39

3．1412 Stress and pitch signals40

3．1413 Use as＂echo＂40

3．142 Role of do40

3．10(b) Attributive phrases41

3．10(c) Attributive clauses42

3．2Objective modifiers42

3．21 Clause objects42

3．22Word objects42

3．221 Object and case42

3．222 Direct and indirect objects43

3．223Variety in object case44

3．224 Verb + zu + dative45

3．3 Coordinate structure：center ？ center46

3．4 Coordinate structure：center = center (apposition)47

3．5Centerless structure：X ？ Y47

3．51 Preposition ？ object47

3．52 Subject ？ predicate48

3．53 Subordinating conjunction ？ subordinating clause48

4PARTS OF SPEECH49

4．0 Introductory49

4．1 Form， function， markers51

4．2 Content words and function words52

4．3 Nouns53

4．4 Verbs56

4．5Adjective-adverbs57

4．51 Conflicts57

4．6Function words60

4．61 Conjunctions60

4．62 Prepositions61

4．7Adverbs62

4．71 Groups of special adverbs62

5COMPULSORY GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES64

5．0 Introductory64

5．1Substantives65

5．11Number65

5．111 Pronouns66

5．112 Determiners66

5．113 Adjectives66

5．12 Case66

5．13 Grammatical gender68

5．2Verbs69

5．21 Person-number69

5．22 Infinitive70

5．23 Past participle70

5．24Present participle70

5．241 -ing forms as adjectives71

5．242 -ing forms as nouns71

5．243 -ing forms as verbals72

5．25 Reflexive72

6COMPULSORY SEMANTIC CATEGORIES75

6．0 Introductory75

6．1Compulsory semantic categories77

6．11Subjunctive77

6．111 Unreal conditions78

6．112 Contrary-to-fact statements in past tense79

6．113 Omission of wenn；use of so，dann80

6．114 Omission of wenn-clause81

6．115 Other uses of the subjunctive82

6．12General and special subjunctive83

6．121 Imperative use of special subjunctive85

6．122 damit-clauses85

6．123 Special subjunctive in spoken German86

6．124 Significance of subjunctive86

6．2 Progressive form86

6．3Past tenses87

6．31 Differences in meaning of English past tenses87

6．32 Differences in meaning of German past tenses88

6．33 English present perfect and German present tense89

6．34 Choice of auxiliary89

6．35 lassen89

6．4Motion in reference to speaker90

6．41 bringen and nehmen91

6．5 Nominal gender distinctions91

6．6 Location vs．destination92

6．7 The second-person pronoun94