《The Story Behind Great Medical Discoveries》

Preface5

Introduction，by Dr．Hyman Miller，University of Southern California13

PART ONEREVOLT(Internal Medicine)15

1．Signposts to Truth．(Circulation of the Blood--1615)19

2．Wine Casks Prove a Point．(Percussion--1761)24

3．Extra Ears．(Stethoscope--1816)29

4．The Stomach With a Window．(Process of Digestion--1833)33

5．Seeing the Eye．(Ophthalmoscope--1851)39

6．It＇s Done With Mirrors．(Laryngoscope--1854)44

7．From Hat to Pocket．(Clinical Thermometer--1868)48

8．When the Heart Writes．(Electrocardiograph--1903)52

9．Unsafety Pins．(Bronchoscope--1905)56

10．＂One Man＇s Food Is Another Man＇s Poison．＂(Doctrine of Allergy--1910)61

11．When the Body Burns Food．(Metabolism Machine--1918)65

12．When Sugar Is a Murderer．(Insulin--1921)70

13．Lifesaving Liver．(Pernicious Anemia--1926)78

14．Artificial Lung．(Iron Lung--1928)83

PART TWOENEMY INVASION(Germ Diseases)87

15．In a Drop of Water．(Microscope--1683)91

16．Something No Lady Would do．(Nursing--1856)97

17．The Beet-juice Mystery．(Germ Theory--1864)102

18．Transports of Death．(Spread of Disease by Insects--1878)106

19．He Grew Germs Instead of Killing Them．(Solid Culture--1881)112

20．Soldier Cells．(Phagocytes--1892)118

21．What the Painless Bum Taught．(Radium--1898)121

22．From Dye to Wonder Drug．(Sulfa Drugs--1936)127

23．Magic Mold．(Penicillin--1940)131

PART THREEUNDER MARTIAL LAW(Surgery)137

24．For a Dependable Dose．(Opiates--1803)141

25．Merciful Sleep．(Anesthesia--1846)147

26．Weapon Against Pain．(Hypodermic Needle--1853)153

27．The Puzzle of the Fractures．(Antisepsis--1865)156

28．＂Boiled Hands．＂(Surgical Gloves--1890)163

29．Threat to Modesty．(X-ray--1895)168

30．Awake--Without Pain．(Block Anesthesia--1898)175

31．Crusade for Health and Beauty．(Orthodontia--1900)179

32．When Blood Is a Killer．(Blood Types--1901)184

33．Saving Faces．(Plastic Surgery--1916)188

34．Maps for the Wilderness．(Brain Surgery--1905-1939)192

35．Cutting With Electricity．(Radio Knife--1923)196

PART FOURPREVENTING WAR(Preventive Medicine)201

36．A Doctor Learns from Dairymaids．(Small-pox Vaccination--1796)205

37．Health for the Nation．(Public Health Service--1848)211

38．The Guinea Pig That Didn＇t Die．(Diphtheria Immunization--1894)214

39．The Doctor，the Financier，and the Clergyman．(Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research--1901)218

40．The Book That Changed a Life．(Side-chain Theory of Immunity--1904)223

41．＂Dr．Wiley＇s Poison Squad．＂(Pure Food Law--1906)227

42．When the Cheapest Food Was the Best．(Vitamins--1911)232

43．Life in the Bank．(Blood Bank--1931)239

Bibliography245