《COLOURED GLASSES》

PART Ⅰ.THE CONSTITUTION OF COLOURED GLASSES.3

Ⅰ.THE ORIGIN OF COLOUR IN INORGANIC SUBSTANCES3

Inorganic Chromophores3

The Influence of Solvation on Colour9

The Influence of Adsorption12

The Influence of Temperature on Colour15

Ⅱ.THE CONSTTTUTION OF GLASS17

General Review of the Problem17

Ions as the Building Units of Glasses22

The Principles Governing the Ionic Structure of Crystals and Glasses26

The Atomic Structure of Silica Glass28

The Atomic Structure of Binary and Ternary Silicate Glasses30

The Atomic Structure of Boric Oxide-Containing Glasses33

The Atomic Structure of Phosphate Glasses35

The Role of Al2O3,BeO,ZnO,PbO and TiO2 in Glasses36

Ⅲ.THE CONSTITUTION OF GLASS44

The Replacement of Oxygen by other Elements44

Sulphur and Selenium as Substitutes for Oxygen44

Halogen Ions as Substitutes for Oxygen46

Ⅳ.THE TERMS ACIDITY AND BASICITY IN RELATION TO MODERN THEORY OF STRUCTURE52

Ⅴ.THE CLASSIFICATIONOF GLASSES ACCORDING TO THEIR CHROMOPHORES57

Coloured Glasses with One Colouring Ion59

Coloured Glasses with Chromophore Groups Consisting of Two Ions60

Coloured Glasses with Chromophore Groups Consisting of Three Ions62

Ⅵ.THE CONSTITUTIONOF GLASS AS REVEALED BY COLOUR AND FLUORESCENCE INDICATORS64

The Determination of the State of Oxidation of a Glass by the Indicator Meihod65

The Determination of the Acidity and Basicity of a Glass by the Indicator Method66

The Determination of the Co-ordination Number of an Ion70

Indicators for the General Electric Perturbation of an Ion74

Fluorescence Indicators80

PART Ⅱ.THE COLOURS OF GLASSES PRODUCED BY VARIOUS COLOURING IONS.89

Ⅶ.THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY IRON89

The Influence of the Iron Content on the Technology of a Glass89

General Discussion on Absorption, Transmission and Colour91

A.The Spectral Absorption of Iron Com-pounds in Aqueous Solutions and Glasses91

B.The Blue Colour in Iron-containing Glasses95

C.Colourless Iron Complexes in Glasses97

The Equilibrium between Di-and Tri-valent Iron in Glasses101

A.The Influence of Temperature and Time102

B.The Influence of the Iron Concentration103

C.The Influence of the Composition of the Glass108

D.The Influence of Oxidising and Reducing Agents113

Ⅷ.THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY MANGANESE121

Introduction121

The Nature of the Manganese Colour121

Reactions During the Melting of Manganese Glasses127

The Melting of Manganese Glasses129

Ⅸ.THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY CHROMIUM132

Introduction132

The Colour of Chromium Compounds132

The Nature of the Chromium Colour in Glasses138

The Melting of Chromium Glasses142

Chromium Pink144

Ⅹ.THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY VANADIUM149

Introduction149

The Chemistry of Vanadium Compounds149

Vanadium in Glass151

Ⅺ.THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY COPPER154

Introduction154

The Chemistry of Copper155

The Colour of Cupric Ions in Solutions and Glasses156

The Reduction of Cupric to Cuprous Ions in Aqueous Solutions and Glasses161

The Properties of Copper Glasses163

Ⅻ.THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY COBALT168

Introduction168

The Colour of Cobalt in Crystals and Solutions170

Cobalt Pigments176

Cobalt Glasses179

Influence of Temperature on the Colour of Cobalt Glasses187

Cobalt Glasses as Pyrosols188

The Melting of Cobalt Glasses190

Influence of Infra-RedAbsorption on the Melting and Working Properties of Glasses191

ⅩⅢ.THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY NICKEL197

Introduction197

The Colour of Nickel in Glasses,Crystals and Solution197

ⅩⅣ.THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY URANIUM205

Introduction205

The Chemistry of Uranium Compounds205

Uranium in Glass206

ⅩⅤ.THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY TITANIUM,TUNGSTEN AND MOLYBDENUM212

Ⅰ.Titanium212

Ⅱ.Tungsten and Molybdenum216

ⅩⅥ.THE COLOURRS PRODUCED BY THE OXIDES OF THE RARE-EARTHS ELEMENTS218

Introduction218

The Absorption Spectra of Neodymium and Praseodymium220

Glasses Containing Neodymium and Praseo-dymium221

Some Applications of Neodymium Glasses226

Cerium-Containing Glasses229

PART Ⅲ.THE COLOURS OF GLASSES PRODUCED BY THE NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS: SULPHUR, SELENIUM, TEL-LURIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND CERTAIN OF THEIR COMPOUNDS.237

ⅩⅦ.THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS237

Historical Review of the So-called Carbon-Amber Glasses237

The Constitution and Colour of Polysulphide Glasses242

The Melting of Carbon-Amber（Sulphur） Glasses252

The Blue Sulphur Glasses257

Glasses Containing the Sulphides of Heavy Metals260

Equilibria between Sulphides and Silicates261

The Striking of Colour in Sulphide Glasses265

The Melting of Sulphide Glasses268

Special Sulphide Colours in Glasses270

The Melting of Cadmium Sulphide Glasses274

Antimony Ruby Glasses275

Miscellaneous other Sulphides in Glasses279

ⅩⅧ.GLASSES COLOURED BY SELENIUM AND SELENIDES282

Elementary Selenium282

The Nature of Selenium Pink282

Reactions during the Melting of Selenium Glasses287

The Melting of Selenium Pink Glasses295

Conclusions on the Use of Selenium in Glass-making301

Glasses Coloured by Polyselenides303

Iron Selenide Glasses304

Selenium Ruby Glasses and the Nature of the Colour308

The Melting of Selenium Ruby Glasses313

Selenium Black Glasscs323

ⅩⅨ.GLASSESCOLOURED BY TELLURIUM AND BY PHOSPHORUS324

Ⅰ.Tellurium324

Ⅱ.Phosphorus325

PART Ⅳ.THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY METAL ATOMS.331

ⅩⅩ.FUNDAMENTALS CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METALS AND GLASSES331

The Formation of Metal Atoms in Glasses331

The Solubility of Metals and the Formation of Pyrosols333

The Influence of Some Constituents on the Solu-bility of Metals in Fused Salts and Glasses339

The Role of Tin Oxide in the Formation of Ruby Glasses343

The Role of Stannous Chloride in the Formation of Silver Mirrors348

ⅩⅪ.THE CRYSTALLISATIONOF METALS FROM THE GLAS MELT352

The Mobility and Diffusion Speed of Metal Atoms in Glasses352

Nucleus Formation and Crystal Growth355

The Theory of Coagulation.von Smoluchow-ski’s Equation360

ⅩⅫ.THE ABSORPTION OF LIGHT BY METALS366

Fundamentals Concerning the Absorption of Light by Metals366

The Scattering of Light369

The Effect of the Nature of the Dispersed Phase on the Absorption of Light by Colloidal Metals371

The Effect of Shape and Internal Structure375

ⅩⅩⅢ.GOLD IN GOLD-RUBY GLASSES380

Historical Introduction380

The Nature of the Ruby Colour381

The Melting of Gold-Ruby Glasses384

The Striking of Gold-Ruby Glasses388

The Basic Types of Gold Dispersion in Glasses391

ⅩⅩⅣ.SILVER IN GLASSES401

Introduction401

The Chemistry of Silver Glasses401

The Melting of Silver Glasses406

The Colour of Silver Glasses406

ⅩⅩⅤ.THE SILVER-STAINING OF GLASSES409

Introduction409

The Fundamentals of the Staining of Glasses by Cementation410

The Effect of the Glass Composition on the Silver Stain418

ⅩⅩⅥ.COPPER IN COPPER-RUBY GLASSES （HEMATINONE AND COPPER AVENTURINE）420

Introduction420

The Nature of the Red Colour Produced by Copper421

The Work of P.Ebell423

The Melting of Copper-Ruby Glasse425

The Role of the Tin in Copper-Ruby Glasses427

The Role of the Copper in Copper-Ruby Glasses428

The Striking of Copper-Ruby Glasses430

ⅩⅩⅦ.THE COPPER STAINING OF GLASSES433

PART Ⅴ.THE FLUORESCENCE, THERMOLUMINESCENCE AND THE SOLARISATION OF GLASS439

ⅩⅩⅧ.THEGENERAL THEORY OF FLUORESCENCE IN GLASSES439

Introduction439

Pseudo-Fluorescence440

The Fundamentals of Fluorescence441

The Excitation Process444

The Lifetime of the Excited State445

Influence of the Type of Binding of the Atoms447

The Quenching of Fluorescence449

The Classification of Fluorescent Glasses452

ⅩⅩⅨ.FLUORESCENT GLASSES453

Glasses Containing Crystalline Fluorescence Centres453

Glasses Containing Energy-Isolated Atoms or Molecules458

Glasses Containing Fluorescent Ions465

The Uses of Fluorescent Glasses491

ⅩⅩⅩ.THERMOLUMINESCENCE495

ⅩⅩⅪ.THE SOLARISATION OF GLASSES497

Fluorescence and Photosensitivity497

The History of Studies on Solarisation498

The Explanation of Solarisation500

The Control of Solarisation507

The Regeneration of Solarised Glasses508

The Solarisation Equilibrium511

Helpful Models for the Study of Solarisation in Glasses513

ⅩⅩⅫ.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOSENSITIVE GLASSES515

AUTHOR INDEX522

SUBJECT INDEX529