《COMBUSTION AND HEAT TRANSFER IN AN OPEN-HEARTH FURNACE》

Section Ⅰ—Purpose and Plan of the Trials by J.H.Chesters,S.W.Pearson,and M.W.Thring1

Introduction1

Purpose of the Trials3

The Team3

Plan of the Trials4

References4

Section Ⅱ—Design,Control,and Performance of the Trial Furnace by J.A.Chapman,K.F.Lane, and S.W.Pearson5

Furnace Design5

Historical Development5

Design Details of the Test Furnace6

Combustion Control8

Fuel Supply8

Air Supply8

Oil Burners8

Instrumentation and Control Levels9

Performance Data9

Conclusion11

References11

Section Ⅲ—Combustion Measurements and Control during the Test Cast by E.J.Burton,J.A.Chapman, and M.Thomas12

Instrumentation and Control for the Test Cast12

The Master Chart14

Combustion Control16

Measurement of Combustion Air and Waste-Gas Temperatures19

Acknowledgments21

References21

Section Ⅳ—Control of Steelmaking by S.W,Pearson22

Normal Practice22

Details of the Trial Cast22

Comparison with Normal Practice23

Section Ⅴ—Roof and Frontwall Temperature Measurements by E.Rotkirch and M.Thomas24

Roof Temperature Distribution during Different Periods of Cast24

Comparison of Thermocouple Readings with Foster Radiation and Optical Pyrometers26

Correlation of Frontwall and Roof Temperatures27

Correlation between Waste-Gas Temperature and Exit-End Roof Temperature28

Section Ⅵ—Flame Temperature and Emissivity Measurements by R.E.Copland and C.Holden29

Schmidt Method for Measurement of the Temperature and Emissivity of Flames29

Experimental Method29

Results31

Discussion of Results32

Analysis of Factors Affecting Flame Temperature and Emissivity35

Comparison of Open-Hearth Furnace Radiations with those obtained on the ljmuiden Tunnel35

Conclusions35

Appendix A—Instrument Errors36

References36

Section Ⅶ—Comparison of Tests on Small-Scale Models and Full-Scale Furnaces by C.Hulse,M.J.Mclnerney,and S.N.Sarkar37

Flow Visualization in a Model37

Observations of Flow Pattern in the Furnace39

Mixing of Fuel and Combustion Air39

Mixing Experiments in a Model41

Mixing Contours for‘B’Furnace（Templeborough）42

Mixing Experiments with a Free Jet46

Experiments on Improving the Mixture Distribution47

Roof Wear on a Tilting Furnace53

Discussion53

Conclusions56

References56

Appendix A—Criteria for the Simulation of Flow in the Water Model56

Appendix B—Criteria for the Simulation of Flow, using Streams of Hot and Cold Air57

Appendix C—Calculation of Mixing in the Air Model57

Section Ⅷ—Heat Losses through Furnace Brickwork by J.R.Lakin and J.Mackenzie59

Section Ⅸ—General Heat Balance by K.H.Hoyle and M.W.Thring62

Heat Balance for the Total Period from Start Charge to Fully Meited62

Subdivided Heat Balance for Each Reversal62

Section Ⅹ—Comparison of Calculated and Actual Heat Transfer by J.H.Chesters,K.H.Hoyle,S.W.Pearson,and M.W.Thring65

Assumptions in the Calculation65

Calculation of Heat Balance in Stages67

Comparison between Calculated and Observed Values68

Use of Mathematical Theory in Calculating the Effect of Possible Changes68

References70

Section Ⅺ—General Conclusions by J.H.Chesters,S.W.Pearson,and M W.Thring71

Comparison of Theory of Heat Transfer by Radiation with Observations in a Furnace71

Comparison of Flow Patterns and Mixing in the Furnace with those observed in Models72

Heat Balance of the Cold-Metal Open-Hearth Furnace73

Application of the Radiant Heat Transfer Theory to the Predietion of the Effect of Changes73

Future Research Work74

Acknowledgments74

Appendix Ⅰ—Radiation Losses through Doors and Observation Holes by S.N.Sarkar75

Heat Losses through Doors75

Losses from Observation Holes75

Conclusions75

Appendix Ⅱ—Losses through Water Cooling by G.R.Mattocks80

Experimental Method80

Test Results80

Discussion of Results81

Conclusions82