《CHINA A NEW HISTORY ENLARGED EDITION》

Introduction: Approaches to Understanding China's History1

The Variety of Historical Perspectives1

Geography: The Contrast of North and South4

Humankind in Nature14

The Village: Family and Lineage17

Inner Asia and China: The Steppe and the Sown23

PART ONERise and Decline of the Imperial Autocracy27

1. Origins: The Discoveries of Archaeology29

Paleolithic China29

Neolithic China31

Excavation of Shang and Xia33

The Rise of Central Authority37

Western Zhou39

Implications of the New Archaeological Record40

2. The First Unification: Imperial Confucianism46

The Utility of Dynasties46

Princes and Philosophers49

The Confucian Code51

Daoism53

Unification by Qin54

Consolidation and Expansion under the Han57

Imperial Confucianism62

Correlative Cosmology64

Emperor and Scholars66

3. Reunification in the Buddhist Age72

Disunion72

The Buddhist Teaching73

Sui-Tang Reunification76

Buddhism and the State79

Decline of the Tang Dynasty81

Social Change: The Tang-Song Transition83

4. China's Greatest Age: Northern and Southern Song88

Efflorescence of Material Growth88

Education and the Examination System93

The Creation of Neo-Confucianism96

Formation of Gentry Society101

5. The Paradox of Song China and Inner Asia108

The Symbiosis of Wen and Wu108

The Rise of Non-Chinese Rule over China112

China in the Mongol Empire119

Interpreting the Song Era126

6. Government in the Ming Dynasty128

Legacies of the Hongwu Emperor128

Fiscal Problems132

China Turns Inward137

Factional Politics140

7. The Qing Success Story143

The Manchu Conquest143

Institutional Adaptation146

The Jesuit Interlude151

Growth of Qing Control in Inner Asia152

The Attempted Integration of Polity and Culture154

PART TWOLate Imperial China, 1600-1911163

8. The Paradox of Growth without Development167

The Rise in Population167

Diminishing Returns of Farm Labor170

The Subjection of Women173

Domestic Trade and Commercial Organization176

Merchant-Official Symbiosis179

Limitations of the Law183

9. Frontier Unrest and the Opening of China187

The Weakness of State Leadership187

The White Lotus Rebellion, 1796-1804189

Maritime China: Origins of the Overseas Chinese191

European Trading Companies and the Canton Trade195

Rebellion on the Turkestan Frontier, 1826-1835197

Opium and the Struggle for a New Order at Guangzhou, 1834-1842198

Inauguration of the Treaty Century after 1842201

10. Rebellion and Restoration206

The Great Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864206

Civil War209

The Qing Restoration of the 1860s212

Suppression of Other Rebellions214

11. Early Modernization and the Decline of Qing Power217

Self-Strengthening and Its Failure217

The Christian-Confucian Struggle221

The Reform Movement224

The Boxer Rising, 1898-1901230

Demoralization232

12. The Republican Revolution, 1901-1916235

A New Domestic Balance of Power235

Suppressing Rebellion by Militarization236

Elite Activism in the Public Sphere238

The Japanese Influence240

The Qing Reform Effort241

Constitutionalism and Self-Government244

Insoluble Systemic Problems247

The Revolution of 1911 and Yuan Shikai's Dictatorship250

PART THREEThe Republic of China, 1912-1949255

13. The Quest for a Chinese Civil Society257

The Limits of Chinese Liberalism257

The Limits of Christian Reformism260

The Tardy Rise of a Political Press262

Academic Development263

The New Culture Movement266

The May Fourth Movement267

Rise of the Chinese Bourgeoisie269

Origins of the Chinese Communist Party275

14. The Nationalist Revolution and the Nanjing Government279

Sun Yatsen and the United Front279

The Accession to Power of Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kaishek)283

The Nature of the Nanjing Government286

Systemic Weaknesses289

15. The Second Coming of the Chinese Communist Party294

Problems of Life on the Land294

Rural Reconstruction299

The Rise of Mao Zedong301

The Long March, 1934-1935305

The Role of Zhou Enlai307

The Second United Front310

16. China's War of Resistance, 1937-1945312

Nationalist Difficulties312

Mao's Sinification of Marxism316

Mao Zedong Thought321

The Rectification Campaign of 1942-1944323

American Support of Coalition Government326

17. The Civil War and the Nationalists on Taiwan331

Why the Nationalists Failed331

Nationalist Attack and Communist Counterattack334

Taiwan as a Japanese Colony337

Taiwan as the Republic of China339

PART FOURThe People's Republic of China343

18. Establishing Control of State and Countryside345

Creating the New State, 1949-1953345

Collectivizing Agriculture352

Collective Agriculture in Practice354

Beginning Industrialization357

Education and the Intellectuals359

The Anti-Rightist Campaign, 1957-1958365

19. The Great Leap Forward, 1958-1960368

Background Factors368

The Disaster of 1959-1960372

Revival: Seizing Control of Industrial Labor374

Party Rectification and Education376

The Sino-Soviet Split378

The Great Leap Forward as a Social Movement380

20. The Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976383

Underpinnings383

Mao's Aims and Resources385

Role of the People's Liberation Army387

How the Cultural Revolution Unfolded389

The Red Guards391

The Seizure of Power393

Foreign Affairs395

Decentralization and the Third Front397

The Succession Struggle400

The Cultural Revolution in Retrospect401

Aftermath404

21. The Post-Mao Reform Eraby Merle Goldman406

Epilogue: China at the Close of the Centuryby Merle Goldman451

Note on Romanization and Citation458

Suggested Reading459

Publisher's Note515

Illustration Credits517

Author Index521

General Index531