《INTRODUCTION TO SIGNAL PROCESSING》求取 ⇩

1Sampling and Reconstruction1

1.1 Introduction,1

1.2 Review of Analog Signals,1

1.3Sampling Theorem,4

1.3.1 Sampling Theorem,6

1.3.2 Antialiasing Prefilters,7

1.3.3 Hardware Limits,8

1.4Sampling of Sinusoids,9

1.4.1 Analog Reconstruction and Aliasing,10

1.4.2 Rotational Motion,27

1.4.3 DSP, Frequency Units,30

1.5Spectra of Sampled Signals*,30

1.5.1 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform,31

1.5.2 Spectrum Replication,33

1.5.3 Practical Antialiasing Prefilters,38

1.6Analog Reconstructors*,43

1.6.1 Ideal Reconstructors,44

1.6.2 Staircase Reconstructors,46

1.6.3 Anti-Image Postfilters,47

1.7 Basic Components of DSP Systems,54

1.8 Problems,57

2Quantization63

2.1 Quantization Process,63

2.2 Oversampling and Noise Shaping*,67

2.3 D/A Converters,73

2.4 A/D Converters,77

2.5 Analog and Digital Dither*,86

2.6 Problems,93

3Discrete-Time Systems98

3.1 Input/Output Rules,99

3.2 Linearity and Time Invariance,103

3.3 Impulse Response,106

3.4 FIR and IIR Fllters,108

3.5 Causality and Stability,115

3.6 Problems,120

4FIR Filtering and Convolution124

4.1Block Processing Methods,125

4.1.1 Convolution,125

4.1.2 Direct Form,126

4.1.3 Convolution Table,129

4.1.4 LTI Form,130

4.1.5 Matrix Form,132

4.1.6 Flip-and-Slide Form,134

4.1.7 Transient and Steady-State Behavior,135

4.1.8 Convolution of Infinite Sequences,137

4.1.9 Programming Considerations,142

4.1.10 Overlap-Add Block Convolution Method,146

4.2Sample Processing Methods,149

4.2.1 Pure Delays,150

4.2.2 FIR Filtering in Direct Form,155

4.2.3 Programming Considerations,163

4.2.4 Hardware Realizations and Circular Buffers,165

4.3 Problems,181

5z-Transforms186

5.1 Basic Properties,186

5.2 Region of Convergence,189

5.3 Causality and Stability,196

5.4 Frequency Spectrum,200

5.5 Inverse z-Transforms,205

5.6 Problems,214

6Transfer Functions217

6.1 Equivalent Descriptions of Digital Filters,217

6.2 Transfer Functions,217

6.3 Sinusoidal Response,232

6.3.1Steady-State Response,232

6.3.2 Transient Response,235

6.4 Pole/Zero Designs,246

6.4.1First-Order Filters,246

6.4.2 Parametric Resonators and Equalizers,248

6.4.3 Notch and Comb Filters,253

6.5 Deconvolution, Inverse Filters, and Stability,258

6.6 Problems,263

7Digital Filter Realizations269

7.1 Direct Form,269

7.2 Canonical Form,275

7.3 Cascade Form,281

7.4 Cascade to Canonical,288

7.5 Hardware Realizations and Circular Buffers,297

7.6 Quantization Effects in Digital Filters,310

7.7 Problems,311

8Signal Processing Applications321

8.1Digital Waveform Generators,321

8.1.1 Sinusoidal Generators,321

8.1.2 Periodic Waveform Generators,326

8.1.3 Wavetable Generators,335

8.2Digital Audio Effects,355

8.2.1 Delays, Echoes, and Comb Filters,355

8.2.2 Flanging, Chorusing, and Phasing,360

8.2.3 Digital Reverberation,367

8.2.4 Multitap Delays,379

8.2.5 Compressors, Limiters, Expanders, and Gates,384

8.3Noise Reduction and Signal Enhancement,388

8.3.1 Noise Reduction Filters,388

8.3.2 Notch and Comb Filters,404

8.3.3 Line and Frame Combs for Digital TV,416

8.3.4 Signal Averaging,429

8.3.5 Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filters*,434

8.4 Problems,462

9DFT/FFT Algorithms472

9.1 Frequency Resolution and Windowing,472

9.2DTFT Computation,483

9.2.1 DTFT at a Single Frequency,483

9.2.2 DTFT over Frequency Range,486

9.2.3 DFT,488

9.2.4 Zero Padding,490

9.3 Physical versus Computational Resolution,491

9.4 Matrix Form of DFT,495

9.5 Modulo-N Reduction,497

9.6 Inverse DFT,505

9.7 Sampling of Periodic Signals and the DFT,508

9.8 FFT,513

9.9Fast Convolution,524

9.9.1 Circular Convolution,524

9.9.2 Overlap-Add and Overlap-Save Methods,530

9.10 Problems,533

10 FIR Digital Filter Design541

10.1 Window Method,541

10.1.1 Ideal Filters,541

10.1.2 Rectangular Window,544

10.1.3 Hamming Window,549

10.2 Kaiser Window,551

10.2.1 Kaiser Window for Filter Design,551

10.2.2 Kaiser Window for Spectral Analysis,565

10.3 Frequency Sampling Method,567

10.4 Other FIR Design Methods,568

10.5 Problems,569

11 IIR Digital Filter Design573

11.1 Bilinear Transformation,573

11.2 First-Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters,576

11.3 Second-Order Peaking and Notching Filters,583

11.4 Parametric Equalizer Filters,592

11.5 Comb Filters,601

11.6 Higher-Order Filters,604

11.6.1 Analog Lowpass Butterworth Filters,605

11.6.2 Digital Lowpass Filters,611

11.6.3 Digital Highpass Filters,614

11.6.4 Digital Bandpass Filters,618

11.6.5 Digital Bandstop Filters,623

11.6.6 Chebyshev Filter Design*,626

11.7 Problems,640

12 Interpolation, Decimation, and Oversampling644

12.1 Interpolation and Oversampling,644

12.2 Interpolation Filter Design*,650

12.2.1 Direct Form,650

12.2.2 Polyphase Form,652

12.2.3 Frequency Domain Characteristics,657

12.2.4 Kaiser Window Designs,660

12.2.5 Multistage Designs,661

12.3 Linear and Hold Interpolators*,669

12.4 Design Examples*,674

12.4.1 4-fold Interpolators,674

12.4.2 Multistage 4-fold Interpolators,678

12.4.3 DAC Equalization,683

12.4.4 Postfilter Design and Equalization,687

12.4.5 Multistage Equalization,691

12.5 Decimation and Oversampling*,699

12.6 Sampling Rate Converters*,704

12.7 Noise Shaping Quantizers*,712

12.8 Problems,720

13 Appendices728

ARandom Signals*,728

A.1 Autocorrelation Functions and Power Spectra,728

A.2 Filtering of Random Signals,732

BRandom Number Generators,734

B.1 Uniform and Gaussian Generators,734

B.2 Low-Frequency Noise Generators*,740

B.3 1/f Noise Generators*,745

B.4 Problems,749

C Complex Arithmetic in C,752

D MATLAB Functions,755

References773

Index790