《ESSENTIALS OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS》

1INTRODUCTION1

What Is Comparative Politics？3

The Comparative Method3

Quantitative versus Qualitative Research6

Debates in Comparative Politics7

A Guiding Approach：Political Institutions14

A Guiding Idea：Reconciling Freedom and Equality16

In Sum：Looking Ahead18

2STATES20

Defining the State20

The Origins of Political Organization25

The Rise of the Modern State28

Comparing State Power33

Legitimacy34

Centralization or Decentralization37

In Sum：Studying States41

3NATIONS AND SOCIETY44

Ethnic Identity45

National Identity47

Citizenship and Patriotism49

Ethnic Identity，National Identity，and Citizenship：Origins and Persistence51

Sources of Ethnic and National Conflict53

Political Attitudes and Political Ideology56

Political Attitudes57

Political Ideology61

Fundamentalism and the Crisis of Ideology65

Political Culture70

In Sum：Society and Politics74

4POLITICAL ECONOMY77

The Components of Political Economy78

Markets and Property78

Public Goods80

Social Expenditures：Who Benefits？81

Taxation82

Money，Inflation，and Unemployment82

Regulation86

Trade87

Political-Economic Systems89

Liberalism90

Social Democracy91

Communism95

Mercantilism97

Political-Economic Systems and the State：Comparing Outcomes100

Gross Domestic Product（GDP）100

GiniIndex102

Human Development Index（HDI）104

The Future of Political Economy106

In Sum：The End of Economic History？108

5AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM110

Defining Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism110

Sources of Nondemocratic Rule113

Economic Sources of Nondemocratic Rule113

Societal Sources of Nondemocratic Rule115

Nondemocratic Regimes and Political Control118

Coercion and Surveillance118

Co-optation120

Personality Cults122

Nondemocratic Regimes and Legitimacy123

Types of Nondemocratic Rule124

Personal and Monarchical Rule124

Military Rule125

One-Party Rule127

Theocracy128

Illiberal Regimes130

In Sum：Nondemocratic Regimes in Retreat？131

6DEMOCRACY134

What Is Democracy？135

The Origins of Liberal Democracy and the Rule of Law136

Athenian Democracy and Roman Republicanism137

England：The Birthplace o f Liberal Democracy137

Institutionalizing Democracy140

Participation：Voting and Elections140

Electoral Systems142

Referendum and Initiative147

Competition：Political Parties and the Separation of Powers149

Political Parties149

The Separation of Powers150

Liberty：Civil Rights，Civil Liberties，and Civil Society156

In Sum：Future Challenges to Democracy158

7ADVANCED DEMOCRACIES161

Defining Advanced Democracy162

Freedom and Equality in Advanced Democracies166

Advanced Democracies Today169

States and Sovereignty：Challenges and Opportunities170

The European Union：Integration，Expansion，and Resistance170

Devolution and Democracy177

Social Change and Conflict178

Postmodern Values and Organization179

Diversity，Identity，and the Challenge to Postmodern Values180

Economic Change183

Postindustrialism183

Maintaining the Welfare State185

In Sum：The Advanced Democracies in Transition187

8COMMUNISM AND POSTCOMMUNISM189

Communism，Equality，and the Nature of Human Relations190

Revolution and the “Triumph” of Communism192

Putting Communism into Practice194

Communist Political Economy198

Societal Institutions under Communism200

The Collapse of Communism201

Political Institutions in Transition205

Reorganizing the State and Constructing a Democratic Regime205

Evaluating Political Transitions207

Economic Institutions in Transition210

Privatization and Marketization210

Evaluating Economic Transitions212

Societal Institutions in Transition214

Re-creating Identities214

Evaluating Societal Transitions215

In Sum：The Legacy of Communism216

9LESS-DEVELOPED AND NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES219

Freedom and Equality in the Newly Industrializing and Less-Developed Countries220

Imperialism and Colonialism222

Institutions of Imperialism225

Exporting the State225

Social Identities226

Dependent Development228

The Challenges of Postimperialism230

Building State Capacity and Autonomy230

Forging Social Identities234

Generating Economic Growth238

Prospects for Democracy and Development242

Rebuilding State Power243

Supporting Civil Society244

Promoting Economic Prosperity245

In Sum：The Challenges of Development247

10GLOBALIZATION250

What Is Globalization？251

Institutions and Globalization253

Political Globalization255

Economic Globalization258

Societal Globalization263

Globalization：Myths and Realities267

Is Globalization New？267

Is Globalization Exaggerated？270

Is Globalization Inevitable？273

In Sum：Freedom and Equality in a Globalized World275

11POLITICAL VIOLENCE277

What Is Political Violence？278

Why Political Violence？279

Institutional Explanations280

Ideational Explanations280

Individual Explanations281

Forms of Political Violence282

Revolution283

Terrorism289

Terrorism and Revolution：Means and Ends296

Political Violence in Context：Faith，Terrorism，and Revolution297

Countering Political Violence302

In Sum：Meeting the Challenge of Political Violence306

GLOSSARY309

INDEX317