《ENVIRONMENTAL HYDRAULICS OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS》

Part 1Introduction to Open Channel Flows1

1.Introduction3

1.1 Presentation3

1.2 Fluid properties5

1.3 Fluid statics6

1.4 Open channel flows7

1.5 Exercises10

2.Fundamentals of open channel flows11

2.1 Presentation11

2.2 Fundamental principles15

2.3 Open channel hydraulics of short，frictionless transitions19

2.4 The hydraulic jump24

2.5 Open channel flow in long channels26

2.6 Summary33

2.6 Exercises34

Part 2Turbulent Mixing and Dispersion in Rivers and Estuaries：An Introduction35

3.Introduction to mixing and dispersion in natural waterways37

3.1 Introduction37

3.2 Laminar and turbulent flows40

3.3 Basic definitions44

3.4 Structure of the section45

3.5 Appendix A-Application：buoyancy force exerted on a submerged air bubble46

3.6 Appendix B-Freshwater properties48

3.7 Exercises48

3.8 Exercise solutions48

4.Turbulent shear flws49

4.1 Presentation49

4.2 Jets and wakes53

4.3 Boundary layer flows54

4.4 Fully developed open channel flows58

4.5 Mixing in turbulent shear flows60

4.6 Exercises63

4.7 Exercise solutions64

5.Diffusion：basic theory65

5.1 Basic equations65

5.2 Applications67

5.3 Appendix A-Mathematical aids72

5.4 Exercises74

5.5 Exercise solutions74

6.Advective diffusion75

6.1 Basic equations75

6.2 Basic applications76

6.3 Two-and three-dimensional applications79

6.4 Exercises80

6.5 Exercise solutions80

7.Turbulent dispersion and mixing：1.Vertical and transverse mixing81

7.1 Introduction81

7.2 Flow resistance in open channel flows83

7.3 Vertical and transverse（lateral）mixing in turbulent river flows84

7.4 Turbulent mixing applications88

7.5 Discussion91

7.6 Appendix A-Friction factor calculations93

7.7 Appendix B-Random walk model93

7.8 Appendix C-Turbulent mixing in hydraulic jumps and bores95

7.9 Exercises97

7.10 Exercise solutions97

8.Turbulent dispersion and mixing：2.Longitudinal dispersion99

8.1 Introduction99

8.2 One-dimensional turbulent dispersion100

8.3 Longitudinal dispersion in natural streams101

8.4 Approximate models for longitudinal dispersion106

8.5 Design applications109

8.6 Exercises111

8.7 Exercise solutions113

9.Turbulent dispersion in natural systems117

9.1 Introduction117

9.2 Longitudinal dispersion in natural rivers with dead zones120

9.3 Dispersion and transport of reactive contaminants127

9.4 Transport with reaction130

9.5 Appendix A-Air-water mass transfer in air-water flows136

9.6 Appendix B-Solubility of nitrogen，oxygen and argon in water138

9.7 Appendix C-Molecular diffusion coefficients in water（after Chanson 1997a）139

9.8 Exercises140

9.9 Exercise solutions141

10.Mixing in estuaries144

10.1 Presentation144

10.2 Basic mechanisms149

10.3 Applications159

10.4 Turbulent mixing and dispersion coefficients in estuaries164

10.5 Applications165

10.6 Appendix A-Observations of mixing and dispersion coefficients in estuarine zones171

10.7 Exercises173

10.8 Exercise solutions175

Part 2Revision exercises177

Assignment solutions179

Part 3Introduction to Unsteady Open Channel Flows183

11. Unsteady open channel flows：1.Basic equations185

11.1 Introduction185

11.2 Basic equations189

11.3 Method of characteristics198

11.4 Discussion211

11.5 Exercises217

11.6 Exercise solutions219

12. Unsteady open channel flows：2.Applications223

12.1 Introduction223

12.2 Propagation of waves224

12.3 The simple wave problem227

12.4 Positive and negative surges233

12.5 The kinematic wave problem247

12.6 The diffusion wave problem249

12.7 Appendix A-Gaussian error functions255

12.8 Exercises256

12.9 Exercise solutions258

13. Unsteady open channel flows：3.Application to dam break wave263

13.1 Introduction263

13.2 Dam break wave in a horizontal channel268

13.3 Effects of flow resistance278

13.4 Embankment dam failures286

13.5 Related flow situations293

13.6 Exercises299

13.7 Exercise solutions300

14. Numerical modelling of unsteady open channel flows302

14.1 Introduction302

14.2 Explicit finite difference methods306

14.3 Implicit finite difference methods312

14.4 Exercises315

Part 3Revision exercises316

Revision exercise no.1316

Revision exercise no.2316

Revision exercise no.3319

Revision exercise no.4320

Part 4Interactions between Flowing Water and its Surroundings323

15.Interactions between flowing water and its surroundings：introduction325

15.1 Presentation325

15.2 Terminology330

15.3 Structure of this section330

16.Interaction between flowing water and solid boundaries：sediment processes331

16.1 Introduction331

16.2 Physical properties of sediments333

16.3 Threshold of sediment bed motion335

16.4 Sediment transport339

16.5 Total sediment transport rate341

16.6 Exercises347

17.Interaction between flowing water and free surfaces：self-aeration and air entrainment348

17.1 Introduction348

17.2 Free-surface aeration in turbulent flows：basic mechanisms348

17.3 Dimensional analysis and similitude358

17.4 Basic metrology in air-water flow studies364

17.5 Applications373

17.6 Appendix A-Air bubble diffusion in plunging jet flows（after Chanson 1997a）384

17.7 Appendix B-Air bubble diffusion in self-aerated supercritical flows389

17.8 Appendix C-Air bubble diffusion in high-velocity water jets393

17.9 Exercises396

Appendix A：Constants and fluid properties399

Appendix B：Unit conversions403

References406

Abbreviations of journals and institutions420

Common bibliographical abbreviations421

Index423